Detection and calibration characteristics of the visible and nea...

Chang’e 4 is a robotic lunar exploration mission operated by the China National Space Administration and was to pull off the first-ever soft landing of space hardware on the mysterious lunar far side. The Visible and Near-IR Imaging Spectrometer (VNIS) is one of the main scientific instruments onboard the Chang’e 4 lunar rover. In order to analyze the lunar surface mineral composition, the VNIS was mounted on the front of the rover and detects lunar objects with a 45° visual angle to obtain spec