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Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 2017, 9, 53-72

http://www.scirp.org/journal/jemaa

ISSN Online: 1942-0749

ISSN Print: 1942-0730

DOI: 10.4236/jemaa.2017.94006

May 16, 2017

Research Progress of Stress-Induced Magnetic

Anisotropy in Fe-Based Amorphous and

Nanocrystalline Alloys

Raymond Kwesi Nutor

1,2

, Xiaozhen Fan

1,2

, Sensheng Ren

1,2

, Ming Chen

1,2

, Yunzhang Fang

1,2*

Condensed Matter Physics Laboratory, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China

State Key Laboratory of Solid State Photo-Electronic Devices, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China

Abstract

Since it was discovered that stress annealing induced larger

anisotropies

compared to other annealing methods in amorphous and nanocrystalline a

loys, there has been a lot of research done to explain this phenomenon.

This

has led to many suggestions about the origin of this stress-induced

magnetic

anisotropy, but till now the origin is explained with two competing

models:

the magnetoelastic effect model and the diatomic pair ordering model.

spite of these theories, the origin of the stress-induced anisotropy is still

under

discussion because direct observation of structural anisotropy is still

lacking.

In this paper, we have reviewed some of the characterization techniques

which

have been used to discuss the origin of stress-induced magnetic

anisotropy

and the progress which has been made thus far in unifying all the

contrasting

views which has been suggested to be the origin of the stress-induced anis

tropy in FINEMET alloys.

Keywords

Magnetic Anisotropy, FINEMET Alloys, Stress Annealing

1. Introduction

On the macroscopic level, a magnet is labelled by its north and south poles,

however on the microscopic level, magnetism is dependent on whether a materi-

al is crystalline or non-crystalline [1]. If a material is crystalline, then the mag-

netic properties becomes directional, this means that for a specific magnetic ma-

terial the magnetic moments which contribute to the material’s magnetic prop-

erty align themselves preferentially, in what is called the “easy axis” [2]. This

phenomenon is known as magnetic anisotropy. In the high frequency range, a

large anisotropy is needed to be able to modify the magnetic properties of a ma-

How to cite this paper:

Nutor, R.K., Fan,

.Z., Ren, S.S., Chen, M. and Fang, Y.Z.

(201

7) Research Progress of Stress-Induced

Magnetic

Anisotropy in Fe-Based Amorph-

ous

and Nanocrystalline Alloys.

Journal

ectromagnetic

Analysis

and

Applications

, 53-72.

https:

//doi.org/10.4236/jemaa.2017.94006

Received:

April 11, 2017

Accepted:

May 13, 2017

Published:

May 16, 2017

ScientificResearch

Publishing Inc.

This

work is licensed under the

CreativeCommons

Attribution

International

License

(CC BY 4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

R. K. Nutor et al.

terial to suit different applications, therefore, it is important to understand its

origin. One of the most important magnetic materials is the ferromagnetic ma-

terials and in this article, we will narrow our study down to the FeCuNbSiB fer-

romagnetic alloys since they have gained significant attention in recent times.

Altering the composition of a magnetic material affects its magnetic properties

such as the hysteresis loop, permeability, anisotropy and magnetic flux. Also,

whether the ferromagnetic material is crystalline or amorphous plays an impor-

tant role.

Nanocrystalline alloys produced by the partial crystallization of FeCuNbSiB

amorphous alloys are one of the best known soft magnetic alloys [3] [4]. These

alloys possess excellentpermeability while maintaining a high saturation magne-

tization, low coercivity, high electrical resistivity, high Curie temperatures and

low energy losses all of which make them suitable candidates for most industrial

and technological applications [4] [5] [6]. Being one of the pioneers of soft na-

nocrystalline alloys, a lot of research has been done on the FeCuNbSiB alloy

most of which is geared towards tailoring the properties to suit a specific appli-

cation. Some of the methods which have been used to tailor these properties are

annealing which

is microstructural modification process [7] and addition of

other alloying elements such as Co, Ni, Mo, Zr, Ta, Cr. Quite recently, Cr con-

taining nanocrystalline have attracted some interest [8] [9] due to the positive

effect chromium has on soft magnetic properties in addition to corrosion resis-

tance and increase in thermal stability [10] whilst showing high values of stress

induced magnetic anisotropy constant. Induced anisotropy was shown to be a

special way in tailoring magnetic permeability by stress or field annealing [11]

[12] of which stress annealing was found to induce the highest anisotropy in soft

nanocrystalline alloys compared. Since its discovery [3], the unique dual-phase

microstructure of the FeCuNbSiB nanocrystalline alloys has been attributed to

its possessing excellent magnetic properties and even to an extent, good corro-

sion properties. In obtaining the Fe-based soft nanocrystalline alloys, its

amorphous precursors are annealed at temperatures between 520˚C -580˚C [13],

although recent works show 540˚C is the nanocrystallization temperature. After

the amorphous alloys have been annealed they possess a two-ferromagnetic

phase microstructure of nanocrystalline grains dispersed or surrounded in an

amorphous matrix.

Knowledge of these magnetic properties are helping develop state of the art

magnetic

sensors and data storage materials which play a key role in modern

technology. This paper aims to provide a summary on the contributions which

have been done to enhance the understanding of stress-induced anisotropy in

amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys. The formatter will need to create these

components, incorporating the applicable criteria that follow.

2. Fundamentals of Magnetic Anisotropy

2.1. What is Magnetic Anisotropy

When a material is said to be anisotropic, it means its properties are direc-

R. K. Nutor et al.

tion-dependent. Therefore, magnetic anisotropy is simply the dependence of

magnetic properties on direction. Ferromagnetic materials are seen to be the

most important type of magnetic materials and it is in them that this magnetic

anisotropy phenomenon happens [1] [2]. Magnetization in ferromagnetic mate-

rials results from contributions to its magnetic energy. Domains are small vo-

lume regions found in ferromagnetic materials which contains magnetic dipole

moments and it is the alignment of these dipole moments which determine the

degree of magnetization [14]. For example, if an external magnetic field is ap-

plied to a ferromagnetic material and the magnetic dipole moments in the do-

mains are aligned in the same direction as the external magnetic field it is said

that saturation magnetization has occurred [1] [2]. The basic principle is that

ferromagnetic particles have various contributions to the magnetic energy which

controls their magnetization. No matter how simple or complex the combina-

tion of energies maybecome, the grain will seek the configuration of magnetiza-

tion which minimizes its total energy [15]. The short answer to our question is

that certain directions within magnetic crystals are at lower energy than others.

To shift the magnetization from one “easy”

direction to another requires energy.

If the barrier is high enough, the particle will stay magnetized in the same direc-

tion for very long periods of time [15] [16]. We have now seen that magnetic

anisotropy is mostly dependent of the domain structure of the ferromagnetic

materials, however, the type of magnetic anisotropy is dependent on (a) crystal

structure (b) grain shape and (c) residual stress [17]. Now, let us have it in mind

that all of these affect the hysteresis loop or behaviour, the coercivity and the

remanence of the material.

2.1.1. Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy

When the energy required to magnetize a material varies with respect to crystal-

lographic directions it is known as magnetocrystalline anisotropy [2]. The crys-

tallographic direction which requires the minimum amount of energy to mag-

netize the material is known as the easy axis whilst the direction which requires

the maximum amount of energy to cause magnetization is known as the hard

axis. Spin-orbit coupling is the main source of magnetocrystalline anisotropy

[14].

We see in

Figure 1, that for both metals a different curve was generated when

the magnetic field was applied in each of [100], [110] and [111] crystallographic

directions. Since most metals have a cubic structure, let’s look at the magneto-

crystalline energy in cubic materials. In cubic materials, the magnetocrystalline

energy density is given by:

(

)

2 2 22 2 2 2 22

12v

αβ βγ γα αβγ

= ++ +

(1)

where

and

are magnetocrystalline anisotropy constants,

αβγ

are

the directions.

2.1.2. Shape Anisotropy

This is due to the shape of the grain of the material [18]. When a body is magne-

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