Ray Tracing Based 60 GHz Channel Clustering and
Analysis in Staircase Environment
Yuqian Yang
1
,JianSun
1,2
, Wensheng Zhang
1
, Cheng-Xiang Wang
1,3
, and Xiaohu Ge
4
1
Shandong Provincial Key Lab of Wireless Communication Technologies, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
2
State Key Lab. of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P.R.China.
3
Institute of Sensors, Signals and Systems, School of Engineering & Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK.
4
School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhuan 430074, Hubei.
Email: yangyuqianworking@126.com, sunjian@sdu.edu.cn, zhangwsh@sdu.edu.cn, cheng-xiang.wang@hw.ac.uk, xhge@mail.hust.edu.cn
Abstract—Channel modeling is of vital importance to the
development and performance evaluation of wireless communica-
tion systems. Though many millimeter-wave (mmWave) channel
models have been proposed, few of them concern about staircase
environments. This paper analyzes the statistical characteristics
of 60 GHz channels in a staircase environment with the transmit-
ter (Tx) side fixed and the receiver (Rx) side moving, especially
the variation of characteristics arising from the motion of receiver
Rx. Fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm is applied in clustering
procedure and the Kim-Park (K-P) index combined with the
multipath component distance (MCD) are utilized to obtain the
optimal cluster number. Simulation results show that almost
all of the channel characteristics are related to the Euclidean
distance between the Tx and Rx. Also, they are affected by
building structures, which will provide guidance on the layout of
communication devices.
Index Terms —Ray tracing, mmWave, FCM, K-P index, clus-
tering.
I. INTRODUCTION
The fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication tech-
nologies have been proposed and promoted in recent years,
and will be commercialized around 2020. Higher frequency
bands, known as mmWave frequency bands, are released to
support 5G communications. Different from the sub-6 GHz
bands, mmWave has its own unique properties, e.g., high path
loss and penetration loss, good anti-interference performance,
and easily affected by human body movements [1]. When
wavelength goes in millimeter scale, the interactions between
rays and objects are fairly different from those in lower
frequency bands. Considering the above reasons, measuring
and analyzing propagation channel characteristics at mmWave
frequency bands have become a hot research topic.
Since 60 GHz band has at least 5 GHz bandwidth avail-
able worldwide, it is a promising candidate for 5G wire-
less communication systems [2]. Two IEEE standards on
communications at 60 GHz have been finalized in the past
decade. IEEE 802.15.3c presents a single-input-multiple-
output (SIMO) model which is adoptable for office and
conference room scenarios [3]. IEEE 802.11ad is an advanced
wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) standard applicable to three basic
scenarios: conference room, enterprise cubicle, and living
room [4]. The upcoming IEEE 802.11ay standard, which was
proposed as an improvement of 802.11ad, not only adds some
new scenarios but also specifies several single-user multiple-
input-multiple-output (SU-MIMO) cases for these indoor sce-
narios [5]. However, none of them covers staircase scenarios.
As a crucial part of indoor environments, a staircase acts
as an important role in communication system and may
contribute to the organization of 5G cellular networks [6].
Measurement and simulation were conducted in staircase envi-
ronments at 2.6 GHz [7]–[9]. In [7], a novel path loss model
was proposed, introducing the height attenuation factor into
the usual local path loss model, making it more practical and
flexible. Some small-scale fading parameters were considered
in [8]. A discrete tapped delay line (DTDL) power delay
profile (PDP) model was presented in [9] to characterize the
multipath effect in indoor staircase environments.
So far, many simulation and measurement approaches have
been implemented in several typical scenarios at 60 GHz,
either indoors or outdoors. In [10], both rotated directional an-
tenna (RDA) method and uniform virtual array (UVA) method
were adopted to measure office environments. A wideband
channel sounder using RDA method was applied in [11] to
analyze the large-scale fading in the campus. The comparison
of measurement results and simulation results in the same
office environment was shown in [12]. However, little attention
has been paid to the channel analysis in staircase scenarios at
60 GHz.
To fill this gap, channel parameters in a staircase environ-
ment at 60 GHz are analyzed using ray tracing approach in this
paper. Ray tracing is a classical deterministic method used for
predicting radio propagation. It is based on the geometrical
optic (GO) and uniform of diffraction theory (UTD). The
interactions between rays and objects can be classified as
reflection, scattering, and diffraction. By tracing paths, all the
possible rays can be found. Compared with Shooting and
bouncing ray (SBR) method, the image-based method has
higher accuracy. However, it is infeasible for diffraction and
is fairly time-consuming when reflection times exceeds five.
Once the location of the Tx and/or Rx changes, the ray tracing
process has to be operated again. SBR method is more widely
utilized since it has more simplified calculation process but
comparable accuracy. All the simulation results in this paper
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