论文研究-瑞典西南部酸雨的健康后果资源-CSDN文库

81 浏览量 2020-05-29 22:58:58 上传评论收藏 587KB PDF 举报

资源推荐

资源详情

资源评论

Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2018, 6, 126-142

http://www.scirp.org/journal/gep

ISSN Online: 2327-4344

ISSN Print: 2327-4336

DOI:

10.4236/gep.2018.62009 Feb. 28, 2018 126 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection

Health Consequences

of Acid Rain

in South West Sweden

—Influence of Acid Well Water on Health and Hair Mineral Pattern

I. Rosborg

, B. Nihlgård

Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering (SEED), School of Architecture and the Built Environment

(ABE), KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden

Institute of Biology, Ecology Building, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

Abstract

Acid rain leads to loss of essential elements from soils and bedrock, causing an

imbalance in

especially dug well waters, as essential element concentrations

decrease and potentially toxic element concentrations increase. In this study

72 private dug wells from acid regions (pH

< 6) were compared with 68 wells

from an alkaline area on limestone bedrock (pH > 7.0) in South-western Sw

den. Women, drinking the water for at least 5 years, were interviewed about

their health and water and hair samples were collected. The concentrations of

about 40 elements in water and hair were analysed, mostly by ICP-M

S. The

concentrations of essential elements such as Ca, Cr, Mo, Se, K, and SO

as well

as the body’s buffering agent HCO

were significantly lower in acid than in

alkaline water. The median Ca concentration was 6 times lower in acid waters,

and also in hair compared to alkaline. Median HCO

was 14 times lower in

acid waters. Mg was similar in both populations, since the Swedish bedrock in

general has low Mg content, even so limestone in the alkaline area. The co

centrations of especially Ca, Cr, HCO

and SO

, peaked at pH 7.0 -

8.0, due to

precipitation of carbonates and sulphates in alkaline soils and leaching from

acid soils. The levels of toxic metals such as Cd and Pb were significantly

higher in acid well water. High Cu concentration from pipes, causing esp

cially diarrhoea, is a serious acidification problem. The contribution of esse

tial elements to the daily intake from these well waters, 2 Litres consumption

per day, was from 0% to above 30

% for some elements, clearly showing that

10%, which is gener

ally predicted, can be exceeded for people with private

well waters, as well as provide 0%, which is the case for many acid well waters.

How to cite this paper:

Rosborg1, I.

and

Nihlgård

, B. (2018)

Health Consequences

of Acid Rain in South West Sweden

Jou

nal of Geoscience and Environment Pro-

tection

, 126-142.

https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2018.62009

Received:

January 9, 2018

Accepted:

February 25, 2018

Published:

February 28, 2018

8 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution

International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

I. Rosborg, B. Nihlgård

DOI:

10.4236/gep.2018.62009 127 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection

Water elements were mirrored in hair, e.g. Ca and Mo. The loss of essential

minerals, and increased concentration of to

xic elements in acid well water,

caused mineral imbalances in the body, as mirrored in hair. Women living

in the acid area reported more negative health changes than women in the

alkaline district, during the time they had been drinking their well water.

The number of reported heart, intestinal, muscle, and skin problems w

ere

between 2 and 9 times higher among women drinking acid than alkaline

well water.

Keywords

Acid Well Water, Hair Nutrients, Minerals, Calcium, Magnesium, Bicarbonate

Health

1. Introduction

Combustion of coal and oil causes emissions of SO

, due to the sulphur content

of coal and oil from especially proteins. Sulphur reacts with O

in air, forming

gas. South-western Sweden suffered from acid rain during the 1960’-1990’s,

as the dominating south-west winds brought SO

in air and H

in rain from

continental Europe and the British Isles. The pH of rain was generally 4 - 4.5,

and below 4 at occasions [1]. The area sometimes labelled “Acidification ba-

nana” (

Figure 1), suffered the most, since the rainfall is heaviest in this region,

and the bedrock is dominated by hard weathered primary rock bedrock,

orto-gneiss and granite, and consequently very sensitive to acidification [2].

Concentrations of mineral elements like K, Ca, Se and Cr decreased remarkably

in soil and stream water, as the nutrients were washed out of soils, and concen-

trations of toxic elements like Cd, Hg and Pb increased [3]. Fish and shellfish

died and problems with rejuvenation were frequently reported [4].

Forests were damaged due to both dry and wet deposition of acidic com-

pounds, and roots of trees were negatively influenced e.g. by aluminium com-

pound precipitates that prevented nutrients to enter roots [5].

Figure 2 is a photo from the acidified area labelled “Acidification banana”.

This area is highly sensitive to acid rain, since it is dominated by hard weathered

gneiss and granite. Spruces and pine trees are dominating species.

Contrary, the Kristianstad flatland is dominated by sandstone on primary

rock bedrock, with limestone and alkaline soils on top of the sandstone. Thus,

this area is not particularly affected by acid rain.

In a lake in a barren district between the two big lakes, Vänern and Vättern,

hundreds of crayfish were still captured in 1965, but only 12 individuals in 1970

and the shells had become soft as silk paper. Only big, old pike and perch were

captured. In 1975 blueberry jam diluted with dug well water suddenly was pur-

ple instead of dark blue, which it was only the year before, now indicating acidic

I. Rosborg, B. Nihlgård

DOI:

10.4236/gep.2018.62009 129 Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection

stallation of alkaline filter with dolomitic limestone reduced the acidity of water.

Thus, the water was also mineralized to some extent as the Ca concentration in-

creased from below 10 mg/L to slightly above, and the alkalinity, HCO

, in-

creased from about 20 mg/L to 60 mg/L. Such a filter was regenerated with

dolomitic limestone each three months. In one case, the whole family was more

alert after each re-generation of the filter, although the mineral levels were still

low. This gave an awareness of the importance of minerals from drinking water

for proper health.

In 1996 the opportunity to study Acid Rain and health effects appeared. Thus,

though long time since the negative health effects were first noticed, a scientific

study was initiated.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Water and Hair Sampling

In the autumn 1997 47 women in an acid area and 43 in an alkaline district were

randomly selected for water and hair sampling. Since there did not exist any

public register on pH of well waters, driving around in the acid district and alka-

line area was the only way to find study subjects. Thus, during the autumn 1997

women were selected through knocking doors in the respective districts. Less

than 5% of women answering the door denied participation in the study. All

were living in private houses with private wells (dug wells, no water filter, pH < 6

(acid area) and pH > 7 (alkaline district), respectively, as tested by a field pH

meter, Knick model 912) all in the “Acidification banana”, pH < 6, dominated by

primary rock bedrock (gneiss and granite), and on the Kristianstad flatland,

pH > 7, dominated by limestone bedrock and alkaline soils [8]. Women were se-

lected if they had been drinking their specific water for at least 5 years. Three

years later another 50 women, 25 from the acid area and 25 from the alkaline,

were visited for water and hair sampling in the same regions. Hair samples were

obtained from all participants, approximately 3 cm (~0.5 g) of hair strands from

the proximal end in the occipital region. The same stainless steel scissors were

used throughout the study. Hair samples were kept in a closed envelope until the

time of analysis. A sample of 250 mL of water was collected from the kitchen tap

of the homes of all participants after half a minute of flushing to avoid corrosion

products in the samples, and filled to the top. The water samples were deep fro-

zen within 7 hours and kept in a freezer (−20˚C) until analysis at the Depart-

ment of Ecology, Lund University, Sweden. The night before the analysis, the

water samples were thawed in a refrigerator (+4˚C). No filtering of the water

took place before analysis.

2.2. Health Questionnaires

A structured health questionnaire was completed during the visit. Women were

asked about health changes related to their gastro-intestinal tract, cardiovascular

剩余16页未读，继续阅读

评论收藏

内容反馈

weixin_38666697

粉丝: 4
资源: 895

论文研究 - 瑞典西南部酸雨的健康后果

最新资源

论文研究 - 瑞典西南部酸雨的健康后果

论文研究 - 瑞典南部的Ales Stone：青铜时代太阳崇拜和高级天文学的杰出纪念碑

论文研究 - 瑞典南部大约14400 C14年BP发生的高强度古地震事件的液化结构

论文研究 - 不同运动质量对健康女性血压和心率的影响

论文研究 - 在瑞典足球和冰球俱乐部（ViSiT）提供的男性减重和健康生活计划：ViSiT可行性研究的结果

论文研究 - 相对湿度，RH（％），在瑞典建筑中是否存在问题

论文研究 - 糖尿病和低HbA1c儿童的健康与幸福感—瑞典的一项定性研究

芬兰-瑞典冰级规范

论文研究 - 护士对过程监督的经验-寻求应对严峻形势的新方法

论文研究 - 认知行为小组治疗后的患者体验：从焦虑到安全感

论文研究 - 双环渗透仪

论文研究 - 与健康相关的互联网信息既增强又削弱了父母的自我照顾潜力-基于父母搜索方式的混合方法研究

论文研究 - 青少年不参加牙科保健的相关因素-建议建立模型

论文研究 - 涉及自我的担忧：当事情不适合您时，焦虑，遗憾或担忧的真正目标是什么？ 来自瑞典和美国的更多证据

论文研究 - 改善社区的经济手段

论文研究 - 气候变化，环境威胁和对关键基础设施的网络威胁，以多管制可持续全球方法为例，以瑞典为例

通信行业深度研究：5G共建共享量化分析-瑞典共建共享启示录：从瑞典经验看我国运营商共建共享方案演绎.zip

论文研究 - 青铜时代的黄金日历

Qt 5实现串口调试助手 （源工程文件、0积分下载）

【SystemVerilog】路科验证V2学习笔记（全600页）.pdf

AutoSAR标准协议4.2.2

光伏-储能并网系统仿真.rar

GD32替换STM32注意事项.pdf

NPPJSONViewer.zip

XCP协议的规范文档

VS2015安装证书，JavaScript_ProjectSystem.msi，JavaScript_LanguageService.msi

CANoe通过CAPL脚本实现自动测试

蓝牙BLE协议中文版.pdf

最新资源

论文研究 - 涉及自我的担忧：当事情不适合您时，焦虑，遗憾或担忧的真正目标是什么？来自瑞典和美国的更多证据

Qt 5实现串口调试助手（源工程文件、0积分下载）