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Advances in Remote Sensing, 2017, 6, 120-131

http://www.scirp.org/journal/ars

ISSN Online: 2169-2688

ISSN Print: 2169-267X

DOI: 10.4236/ars.2017.62009

June 15, 2017

Urban Climate Analysis with Remote Sensing

and Climate Observations: A Case of Morogoro

Municipality in Tanzania

Siwa Ernest

, Augustino R. Nduganda

, Japhet J. Kashaigili

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Morogoro, Tanzania

Tanzania Meteorological Agency, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania

Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania

Abstract

Rapid urbanization is threatening sustainable development of urban areas in

Tanzania. Among the risks of rapid urbanization are Urban Heat Island

(UHI) effect and climate change. While this has been noted, it is not known to

what extent these risks are bei

ng realized in fast growing urban areas like

Morogoro and other areas of similar geographic and climatic conditions.

Therefore a study was conducted to assess the influence of urbanization on

UHI and climate in Morogoro Municipality using remote sensing an

d climate

data.

Landsat imageries acquired in 1990, 2000 and 2015 were used to assess

the change of impervious surface for the year 1990 to 2015 using a Classific

tion and Regression Tree (CART). Radiant surface temperature and norm

lized difference vegeta

tion index (NDVI) were derived from thermal band and

reflectance bands respectively. Mann-

Kendall test was used to analyze climate

data for trends. Results revealed an increase of impervious surface (built up

areas) from 9 km

in 1990 to 48 km

in 2000 and 82 km

in 2015; which is a

sociated with UHI. UHI was not apparent in 1990, but was apparent in 2000

and 2015 with the temperature rise of 1.08˚C and 1.22˚C

respectively. A linear

relationship between radiant surface temperature (

) and percent Impe

vious Surface (ISA); and between

and NDVI it revealed that NDVI is be

tter

indicator of variations in

dynamics than percent ISA. Mann-

Kendall test

indicated a significant increasing trend in mean annual maximum temper

ture. The results imply that increasing ISA coupled with vegetation degrad

tion has contributed to temperature rise and change. Consequently, Morogoro

Municipality residents are likely to suffer heat stress due to rapid urbaniz

tion. It is recommended that education on the use of reflecti

ve surfaces should

be given to the residents; and an effective master plan that protects ve

getation

should be in place.

How to cite this paper:

Ernest, S., Ndu-

ganda, A

.R. and Kashaigili, J.J. (2017)

Urban

Climate Analysis with Remote Sensing and

Climate Observations: A Case

of Morogoro

Municipality in Tanzania

Advances in R

mote Sensing

, 120-131.

https:

//doi.org/10.4236/ars.2017.62009

Received:

April 26, 2017

Accepted:

June 12, 2017

Published:

June 15, 2017

7 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

S. Ernest et al.

121

Keywords

Radiant Temperature, Impervious Surfaces, Urban Heat Island, Random

Forest Algorithm, Mann-Kendall Test

1. Introduction

Urbanization is the increase in the population of urban areas versus rural areas

[1]. In Tanzania this is largely caused by rural to urban migration and

re-classification on new urban areas [2]. This trend is increasing exponentially in

Tanzania [3], having risen to 29.1% in 2012 compared with 5.7% in 1967 [3].

Similar to other Sub-Saharan countries, the challenge to urbanization in Tanza-

nia is that it doesn’t occur concurrently with the economic growth and devel-

opment transformation that support it [4]. The consequence is the highest level

of urban poverty in the world which is characterized by unequal access to decent

housing, high proportion of urban poor living in slum, lack of basic urban ser-

vices such as access to sanitation, clean water, energy, and solid waste disposal

[5]. This poses risks of social instability, risks to infrastructure, health and cli-

mate change in urban areas of Tanzania [6].

Urbanization also exerts influence on microclimate by transforming the land-

scape from natural cover types to increasingly impervious urban land [1], and

through human activities that produce emissions of heat, water vapor and pol-

lutants. The outcome of this change can cause temperature in urban areas to be

higher than in surrounding non-urbanized areas, an effect called Heat Island [1].

Heat island plus above mentioned risks of rapid urbanization threaten sustaina-

ble development of urban areas in Tanzania. In essence, sustainable develop-

ment aims at promoting economic and social wellbeing, while protecting the en-

vironment [7].

To have a sustainable development of human settlements in Tanzania, the

National Human Settlements Development Policy was formulated in 2000 [8].

However, current efforts in implementation of the policy are not sufficient to

ensure sustainability of urban areas development. In Morogoro Municipality,

65% of population lives in unplanned and un-serviced settlements [9], and cli-

mate variability has caused an increase of waterborne diseases due to deteriora-

tion of water quality; and a decline of crop production [10] [11]. Shortage of wa-

ter caused by rapidly growing population, coupled with increasing urban pover-

ty, makes Morogoro Urban more at risk of not meeting sustainable development

[9]. Moreover, as urbanization contributes to global warming, Urban Heat Isl-

and (UHI) will for sure influence the sustainable development [12].

To better illustrate the urbanization and its impacts on urban climate, remote

sensing data have been widely used in urban heat islands investigation as well as

for urban climatology research [1] [13]. In this study, remote sensing and geos-

patial techniques tools were used to study land surface processes and their inte-

ractions with the atmosphere in Morogoro Urban. The thermal characteristic of

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