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碳循环是气候变化的重点之一,河碳是重要的组成部分,而溶解性无机碳(DIC)在河碳通量中所占比例较高。 在这项研究中,我们对澜沧江进行了研究,澜沧江是中国西南部重要的国际河流。 2016年(11个月)从澜沧江中下游16个断面获取水样,然后监测一些水质指标和DIC含量,最后分析了DIC的时空分布特征及其与DIC之间的关系含量和水环境因素。 结果表明:(1)澜沧江中下游DIC含量在1.1840 mmol / L至3.144 mmol / L之间,平均值约为2.2155 mmol / L。 (2)在一个时间尺度上,干旱季节(Spring,秋季和冬季)的DIC含量高于雨季(夏季)。 在空间尺度上,澜沧江中下游的DIC含量从北向南逐渐减小,各水库具有相同的特征,即坝上游DIC含量低于下游。坝。 与世界上其他具有梯级水坝的河流相比,所研究的河流中DIC含量处于相似水平。 澜沧江水库的影响不明显,但大坝上游水样中DIC含量略有分层。 (3)水温,电导率,浊度是影响水中DIC含量的重要因素,氧化还原电位(ORP)和pH值对DIC的影响相对较小。
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Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 2017, 9, 1132-1144
http://www.scirp.org/journal/jwarp
ISSN Online: 1945-3108
ISSN Print: 1945-3094
DOI:
10.4236/jwarp.2017.910074 Sep. 18, 2017 1132 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon (DIC) Contents in
Middle and Lower Reaches of Lancang River:
Related to Water Environments and Dams
Jinxia Lu, Kaidao Fu
*
, Mingyue Li, Daxing Li, Di Li, Chao Wang, Wenhui Yang
Yunnan Key Laboratory of International Rivers and Transboundary Eco-Security, Asian International Rivers Center,
Yunnan University, Kunming, China
Abstract
Carbon cycle is one of the focuses of climate change, river carbon is an i
m-
portant part, while dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has a high proportion
of
river carbon flux. In this study, we did the research on the Lancang River,
an
important international river in the southwest of China. Water samples
were
obtained from 16 sections of the middle and lower reaches of the
Lancang
River in 2016 (11 months), then we monitored some water quality
indicators
and DIC content, finally analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution charact
e-
ristics of DIC and the relationship between DIC content and water enviro
n-
ment factors. The results showed that: (1) DIC contents in the middle
and
lower reaches of the Lancang River varied from 1.1840 mmol/L to
3.1440
mmol/L, with a mean value of about 2.2155 mmol/L. (2) At a time scale,
DIC
contents of dry season (spring, autumn and winter) were higher than
rainy
season (summer). At a space scale, DIC contents of the middle and
lower
reaches of the Lancang River gradually decreased from north to south,
and
each reservoir had the same characteristics, that is, DIC contents at
upstream
of the dam was lower than those at downstream of the dam. Compared
to
other rivers with cascade dams around the world, DIC contents
within studied
river were at similar level. And the reservoir’s effect of the Lancang River
were
not obvious, however, DIC contents in the water sampled upstream the dam
s
had a slight stratification. (3) Water temperature, conductivity, turbidity
were
important factors affecting DIC content of water, and the effect of
oxidation
and reduction potential (ORP) and pH on DIC was relatively small.
Keywords
Lancang River, DIC Content, Spatial-Temporal Differentiation, Water
Environments, Dams
How to cite this paper:
Lu, J.X., Fu, K.D.
,
Li
, M.Y., Li, D.X., Li, D., Wang, C. and Yang,
W
.H. (2017
) Dissolved Inorganic Carbon
(DIC) Contents in Middle and Lower
Reaches of Lancang River: Related to Water
Environments and Dams.
Journal of Water
Resource and Protection
,
9
, 1132-1144.
https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2017.910074
Received:
August 8, 2017
Accepted:
September 15, 2017
Published:
September 18, 2017
Copyright © 201
7 by authors and
Scientific
Research Publishing Inc.
This
work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY
4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
J. X. Lu et al.
DOI:
10.4236/jwarp.2017.910074 1133 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
1. Introduction
At present, with rapid development of global society and economy, many envi-
ronmental problems have appeared. Among them, global warming has become
one of the most important environmental problems and most serious challenges.
Many studies have showed that human activities lead to escalating content of
greenhouse gas (mainly CO
2
and CH
4
) since the late of 20th century, which re-
sults in greenhouse effect, that is, rises of surface temperature and global warm-
ing [1] [2] [3]. So global carbon cycle has become a hotspot about global change
research, the importance of carbon cycle research is not only a hot topic in the
international scientific research, but also has important practical significance [4]
[5].
Rivers are important parts of global carbon cycle research and are playing a
role as an important link between land and marine ecosystems. The carbon in
river ecosystem is mainly composed of DIC (dissolved inorganic carbon), DOC
(dissolved organic carbon), POC (particulate organic carbon) and PIC (particu-
late inorganic carbon) [6]. Among them, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) is an
important component of river carbon flux (accounts for more than 90% in
southwest of China), which is related to the process of carbon
transportation
between river and ocean system. It is also a key to analyze the global carbon
cycle. Rivers transport large amounts of dissolved inorganic carbon to the ocean
each year, and these are very important for the various branches research of ma-
rine science. The CO
2
system, formed by DIC’s major components through a se-
ries of thermodynamic equilibrium, played an important role on the buffering of
water pH value and the indication of the photosynthesis and respiration of river
water ecosystem. In addition, DIC content would affect the water pCO
2
and ex-
change fluxes of water-gas interface. Combining water chemistry data with iso-
topes of carbon is an important method to reveal the process of substance circu-
lation in rivers and reservoirs [7] [8] [9]. Since the 1980s, a number of studies on
the river DIC content at home and abroad have started to aim at independent or
individual rivers and watersheds [10] [11] [12].
Most of researches on the Lancang River focused on its hydrological and wa-
ter resources after the construction of hydropower station, changes of the water
ecological environment [13], land use, the changes of fishes [14], temporal and
spatial
distribution of heavy metals and other elements such as nutrients [15]
[16], sediment response [17], and phytoplankton [18] [19] and so on, while less
researches on DIC content. Due to the large-scale hydropower development, the
middle and lower reaches of the Lancang River had currently become the real
cascade of the development of “impounding rivers” which was best area to study
internal biogeochemical cycle (the nutrient elements) of the “river-reservoir-river”
system. Therefore, the study analyzed DIC content in the middle and lower
reaches of the Lancang River and its chemical characteristics, studied carbon
geochemical behavior of river-reservoir in the Lancang River Basin, then clari-
fied the content and temporal-spatial characteristics of DIC in the Lancang River
J. X. Lu et al.
DOI:
10.4236/jwarp.2017.910074 1134 Journal of Water Resource and Protection
and its controlling factors after the interception of the cascade reservoir, finally
provided a scientific basis for further explaining the evolutionary processes and
characteristics of rivers after the interception of dam.
2. Monitoring Data and Analysis Methods
2.1. Study Area
The Lancang-Mekong River is an important international river, which originates
from Qinghai in China. The watershed covers six countries: China, Laos, Myan-
mar, Thailand, Vietnam and Cambodia. Finally the river with a total length of
4880 km flows into the South China Sea in Vietnam. The river is the sixth long-
est river in the world and the third longest international river, which is located
in the center of the five continents of the world with rich water resources, bio-
logical resources, mineral resources, tourism resources and national cultural re-
sources [13].
With the north side higher than the south, the topography of different reaches
in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin was totally different. The Lancang River Ba-
sin is a basically part in China, the upper and lower reaches is wider than the
middle reaches, the average width of basin is about 80 km. The climate in the
Lancang River basin is very different. The temperature and
rainfall are generally
increasing from north to south, and the higher the altitude, the lower the tem-
perature, the less the precipitation. The whole basin is southwest monsoon cli-
mate, the boundary between dry season (generally 5 - 10 months) and wet sea-
son (11 - 4 months) is obvious, and about 85% of the precipitation concentrated
in the wet season [20].
At present, the Lancang River in Yunnan Province has been exploited by 15
classes, the upper reaches is planning 7 classes while the middle and lower
reaches is proceeding 8 hydropower dams because of its load requirements,
proper location, traffic conditions, terrain, geological conditions, technical and
economic conditions. The stations from north to south are Gongguoqiao (GGQ),
Xiaowan (XW), Manwan (MW), Dachaoshan (DCS), Nuozhadu (NZD), Jing-
hong (JH), Ganlanba, Mengsong. Now 6 stations have been built with the core of
Xiaowan and Nuozhadu.
2.2. Monitoring Section and Sampling Frequency
In view of the location of hydropower station, we select 12 points in the middle
and lower reaches of the Lancang River mainstream: Miaowei (MW), Upstream
of the Gongguoqiao dam (UGGQ), Downstream of the Gongguoqiao dam
(DGGQ), Upstream of the Xiaowandam (UXW), Downstream of Xiaowan dam
(DXW),
Jiajiu hydrological station (JJZ), Dachaoshan hydrological station
(DCS), Jinglin Bridge (JLQ), Upstream of the Nuozhadudam (UNZD), Down-
stream of the Nuozhadu dam (DNZD), Jinghong old bridge (JHQ), Guanlei
(GL), and 4 points of the main tributaries: Dalishu (DLS), Saihandaqiao (SH),
Heihereshuitang (HHR), Biyundaqiao (BYQ) (
Figure 1). We monitored water
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