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A Novel Detection Algorithm of Double MP3

Compression

Pengfei Ma, Rangding Wang

, Diqun Yan, Chao Jin

Abstract. MP3 is the most widely used audio format nowadays in our daily life,

while MP3 audio often be forged by an audio forger for their own benefits in some

significant events, which will cause double MP3 compression. In this paper, it is

the first time to calculate the statistical frequency of Huffman code table index,

and a support vector machine is applied for classification to detect double MP3

compression. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has low

complexity and high accuracy, also the blank with the high bitrate in double MP3

compression detection is made up.

Keywords: Huffman table index



double MP3 compression



high bitrate

1 Introduction

With the development of the multimedia information technology, audio, video,

images and other multimedia information industry penetrate into every corner of

our society, and bring us great convenience. However, everything have two sides,

some non-professionals can modify the multimedia information without leaving

obvious traces by using the cheap or free multimedia editing software. Although

most people manipulate the multimedia information in order to make the multi-

media become more perfect, if some criminals maliciously modified the multime-

dia information for their own interests to harm the harmonious society, the conse-

quences would be disastrous [1]. For example, the tampered audio can be taken as

evidence in court, which will result in the opposite outcome of the trial; false-

quality audios spreading widely on the market, may infringe the copyright of for-

mal business; a speech which conveys orders in the military being tampered, can

cause military conflict and so on. Therefore, more and more people begin to pay

attention to the security issues of multimedia information. The process of com-

pressed audio tampering must take double audio compression [2-4]. As the current

Rangding Wang ()

College of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China

wangrangding@nbu.edu.cn

most popular audio format, MP3 audio can be easily manipulated by some audio

editing software, such as CoolEdit, GoldWave and so on. Thus the double MP3

compression detection for audio forensics becomes more significant than before.

While image and video double compression detection have attracted many

scholars’ attention, research on double MP3 compression detection is rare, espe-

cially for the detection of the same bitrate. Yang et al. [2, 3] considered that the

number of the MDCT coefficients between -1 and 1 in double compressed MP3

audio is less than that in single compressed MP3 audio. The method can detect the

double compressed MP3 audio transcoded from lower bitrate to high bitrate, but

the results show the low accuracy rate on the other opposite situation. Liu and Qi-

ao et al. [4, 5] observed the statistical characteristics of the MDCT coefficients

which exceed a certain threshold, a support vector machine is applied for classifi-

cation, experiment results demonstrate that the algorithm can correctly detect

whether the double compressed MP3 audio is transcoded from high bitrate to low-

er bitrate or from low bitrate to higher bitrate.

In summary, although many researchers have been devoted to the double MP3

compression under different bitrates, there is still a blank in the double com-

pressed audio detection with the high bitrate, which means both the first and the

second compressed bitrate are higher than that of normal. In this case, the encoder

has enough bits to store the audio information, and the loss of the audio infor-

mation is tiny after the first and the second compression, which result in the slight

change of the effective features between them [6]. All the traditional algorithms of

the detection are based on the statistical features of quantized MDCT coefficients.

This paper presents a novel algorithm which utilizes the statistical probability of

the Huffman table index as the characteristics to detect double MP3 compression.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows. In section 2, the procedures of

the Huffman coding in MP3 encoding are reviewed briefly. The statistical features

of the Huffman code table index are observed between single and double com-

pressed MP3 audios in section 3. Experiments of detecting double MP3 compres-

sion are implemented based on the extracted features in section 4. Finally, the

conclusions and future work are summarized in section 5.

2. Application of Huffman code table

As a lossy encoder in audio compression, MP3 encoder can maximize the filtered

information that human auditory system is unable to perceive, without affecting

the audio quality of the original hearing. Not only that, the encoder make use of

the lossless Huffman coding, which compress the audio volume as tiny as possible

so as to facilitate the network transmission.

MP3 encoding is in units of frames. Each frame contains two granules, and

each granule contains two channels in stereo music. Each channel includes 576

quantized MDCT coefficients for Huffman coding at the end of the MP3 encoding

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