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Numerical simulation of 30-kW class liquid-

cooled Nd:YAG multi-slab resonator

Xing Fu, Qiang Liu, Peilin Li, Lei Huang, and Mali Gong

Center for Photonics and Electronics, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Precision Instrument,

Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

fuxing@tsinghua.edu.cn

Abstract: A numerical modeling is developed for 30-kW class liquid-

convection-cooled elastically-mounted Nd:YAG multi-slab laser resonator

configuration. The modeling exhibits the thermal effects and resultant

wavefront aberration of the gain module under flow cooling and CW

pumping at 100-kW level, the self-reproducing oscillating mode within the

large-aperture cavity, as well as the beam quality enhancement by adaptive

optics. The simulation results predict a CW output power of 31 kW with the

optical-optical efficiency of 26.1% obtained from a modified resonator

configuration with dual gain modules that have opposite flow directions,

while the beam quality can be improved to β<2 after the correction of a

deformable mirror.

OCIS codes: (140.3580) Lasers, solid-state; (140.3410) Laser resonators; (140.3530) Lasers,

neodymium.

References and links

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split-disk laser amplifier,” in Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics/Pacific Rim (2007), paper WP_015.

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convection-cooled disk laser,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 30(8), 2161–2167 (2013).

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#242318

Received 3 Jun 2015; revised 1 Jul 2015; accepted 1 Jul 2015; published 7 Jul 2015

13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.018458 | OPTICS EXPRESS 18458

16. S. Kedenburg, M. Vieweg, T. Gissibl, and H. Giessen, “Linear refractive index and absorption measurements of

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1. Introduction

To dissipate the heat load deposited in the gain medium, most high power solid-state lasers

nowadays are conduction cooled, in which the heat is conducted to a heat sink [1, 2].

However, the conduction-cooled high power lasers still suffer from severe thermal effects,

which would degrade the beam quality and limit the maximum injected pump power [3, 4].

Liquid-convection-cooled configuration [5–7], in which the circulating liquid flows over

all surfaces of the gain medium to carry away the deposited heat, has gained much attention

recently, mainly because it has shown advantages over traditional conduction cooling method

especially in terms of producing high power lasers. In 2010, Textron Defense Inc. presented a

state-of-the-art liquid-convection-cooled configuration called ThinZag that used Nd:YAG

ceramic thin slabs as the gain medium while the laser beam passed through the thin slabs and

flow layers in a zigzag manner. Based on ThinZag structure, 27 kW of output power was

achieved from a single oscillator module, and 100 kW was obtained from the single aperture

with six modules placed within the cavity [8]. General Atomics Corp. is developing the 150

kW “liquid laser” that consists of ten 15-kW liquid-cooled modules, with the total weight no

more than 750 kg, which would be 10 times smaller and lighter than lasers of similar power

[9–11].

Recently, our group reported a novel design of the liquid-convection-cooled Nd:YAG

laser resonator [12], which employs the straight-through geometry that the oscillating laser

propagates through multiple thin slabs and multiple cooling flow layers in Brewster angle.

More particularly, in order to minimize the risk of thermal stress fracture under ultrahigh

thermal load, the Nd:YAG thin slabs are elastically held by a flexible supporter that has

several tiny grooves, which serves to greatly reduce the external constraint on the slab,

permitting the deformation induced by the thermal gradient to occur freely to its fullest extent

and thus dramatically alleviate the thermal stress. The experiment of Nd:YAG multi-slab

resonator produced a continuous-wave (CW) output power of 3 kW with an optical-optical

efficiency of 15.1% and a slope efficiency of 21.2%, while the beam quality is poor. The

experiment results indicate that stable kW-class operation can be obtained from the

configuration of liquid-convection-cooled multi-slab resonator, and explicitly demonstrate the

feasibility and validity of the elastical mounting approach of thin slabs, of the efficient heat

removal under 20-kW pumping by using the 0.5-mm-thick cooling flow layers, and of the

high-intensity uniform gain profile by fan-like distribution of laser diode stacks. Furthermore,

the 3 kW output curve presented by [12] has an excellent linearity with no sign of saturation,

which suggests a strong power scaling capability at much higher level.

In this paper, a numerical modeling is developed for 30-kW class liquid-cooled multi-slab

configuration. The modeling demonstrates the thermal effects and resultant wavefront

aberration under flow cooling and pumping at 100-kW level, the self-reproducing oscillating

mode within the large-aperture cavity, as well as the beam quality enhancement by adaptive

optics. According to the simulation results, a CW output power of 31 kW with the optical-

optical efficiency of 26.1% is expected from a modified resonator configuration with dual

gain modules that have opposite flow directions, while the beam quality is predicted to be

#242318

Received 3 Jun 2015; revised 1 Jul 2015; accepted 1 Jul 2015; published 7 Jul 2015

13 Jul 2015 | Vol. 23, No. 14 | DOI:10.1364/OE.23.018458 | OPTICS EXPRESS 18459

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