论文研究-山竹营养缺乏症的生长和视觉症状（资源-CSDN文库

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American Journal of Plant Sciences, 2018, 9, 1014-1028

http://www.scirp.org/journal/ajps

ISSN Online: 2158-2750

ISSN Print: 2158-2742

DOI:

10.4236/ajps.2018.95078 Apr. 20, 2018 1014 American Journal of Plant Sciences

Growth and Visual Symptoms of Nutrients

Deficiency in Mangosteens

(Garcinia mangostana L.)

Ismael de Jesus Matos Viégas

, Ricardo Augusto Martins Cordeiro

, Gabriela Mourão de Almeida

Diocléa Almeida Seabra Silva

, Bianca Cavalcante da Silva

, Ricardo Shigueru Okumura

Mário Lopes da Silva Júnior

, Sávia Poliana da Silva

, Joze Melisa Nunes de Freitas

Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Capanema Campus, Capanema, Brazil

Institute Federal do Pará, Castanhal Campus, Castanhal, Brazil

Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Capitão Poço Campus, Capitão Poço, Brazil

Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Belém Campus, Belém, Brazil

Abstract

The aims of study were to evaluate growth and characterize the visual sym

toms of macronutrient and micronutrient deficiencies in mangosteens. The

seedlings were cultivated in nutritive solution containing all required macr

nutrient and micronut

rients and in solutions with omission of N, P, K, Ca,

Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, using the missing element technique. The exp

rimental design was completely randomized with five replicates and twelve

treatments. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency were accompanied by phot

graphic records and described from beginning until complete definition, in

which the plants were collected. Growth was

evaluated through of dry mass

production and nutrient contents. Nutrients omissions resulted in morpholog

cal alterations, characteristic symptoms of nutritional deficiency, promoted the

reduction in dry mass production in plant, in which the Fe was most limiting,

followed by N, and S. Macronutrients and micronutrients contents, without d

ficiencies (complete treatment) and deficient in mangosteen leaves were respe

tively: N (16.4 and 12.5 g kg

−1

); P (1.1 and 0.2 g kg

−1

); K (10.2 and 8.1 g kg

−1

); Ca

(6.7 and 1.9 g kg

−1

); Mg (1.1 and 0.1 g kg

−1

); S (3.0 and 2.2 g kg

−1

); B (20 and 16

mg kg

−1

); Cu (7 and 3 mg kg

−1

); Fe (266 and 86 mg kg

−1

); Mn (58 and 17 mg

−1

). The decreasing order in appearance of visual symptoms of deficiency

was N > S > K > B > Ca > P > Mg > Mn > Cu > Zn.

Keywords

Mineral Nutrition, Tropical Fruit, Nutritional Deficiency, Missing Element

How to cite this paper:

de Jesus Matos

Viégas, I

., Cordeiro, R.A.M.,

de Almeida,

.M., Silva, D.A.S., da Silva, B.C., Okumu-

ra, R

.S., da Silva Júnior, M.L., da Silva, S.P

and

de Freitas, J.M.N. (2018)

Growth and

Visual Symptoms of Nutrients Deficiency

in Mangosteens (

Garcinia mangostana

L.)

American Journal of Plant Sciences

1014

-1028.

https:

//doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2018.95078

Received:

February 18, 2018

Accepted:

April 17, 2018

Published:

April 20, 2018

8 by authors and

Scientific

Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative

Commons Attribution International

License (CC BY

4.0).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Open Access

I. de Jesus Matos Viégas et al.

DOI:

10.4236/ajps.2018.95078 1015 American Journal of Plant Sciences

1. Introduction

The Amazon region presents favorable edaphoclimatic conditions for develop-

ment of production systems with tropical fruits, among the species of economic

interest the mangosteen (

Garcinia mangostana

L.) has been highlighted, due to

interest of national and international consumer markets. Belonging to Clusia-

ceae family, native to Southeast Asia, the mangosteen has been considered by

many as “fruit queen” by its incomparable flavor and aroma, cultivated in tropi-

cal countries of Africa, Central America, South America and the United States.

In Brazil it was introduced in Bahia State (year 1935) and later in Pará State (year

1942) [1]. In Pará state, mangosteen is concentrated in Santa Isabel do Pará, Be-

nevides, Castanhal, Marituba, Santo Antônio do Tauá, and Tomé-Açu city, be-

ing a large part consortium with other fruit species such as açaí, cupuassu, ba-

nana, and orange [2].

The mangosteen fruit has a high pharmacological potential, the bark of fruit

when sectioned develops a substance similar to resin, rich in pectin and with

high combinations of polyphenols contents [3]. Fruit pericarp is one of major

sources of xanthones [4], showing antioxidant [5], antibacterial, antifungal,

anti-inflammatory [6], and antileukemic activity [7] [8].

The high pharmacological and economic potential of mangosteen fruit has

promoted the conquest of new frontiers, providing the need for further studies

in several areas that constitute the productive chain, among which those are re-

lated to nutritional aspects. Information on nutritional requirements of plants is

important to know the actual demand of each nutrient, determining the correct

amounts of fertilizers to be applied.

Thus, the missing element technique provides information related to nutritional

disorders, excess and deficiencies, in decreased vegetative development and crop

yield, detected by visual symptoms of deficiency, more pronounced in the leaves.

The development of a database with photographs and detailed descriptions of

symptoms in nutritional deficiencies specific to plant species contributes to suc-

cessful evaluation of technician or farmer. Although there is a description in li-

terature of symptoms of nutrient deficiency, the expression of nutritional dis-

orders varies interspecies and intraspecies [9], as well as symptoms of nutritional

deficiency in plants can be confused with symptoms developed by biotic or abi-

otic stress [10].

Depending on plant species, the symptoms of nutritional deficiencies are

shown with some peculiarities [11]. To use the diagnosis by visual method is ne-

cessary the reliability that problem is occurring due by deficiency or excess of

nutrients, since the incidence of pests and diseases, among others, in which pro-

vides difficulty in diagnosis because it promotes similar symptoms as nutritional.

In cases of nutritional disorder, the symptoms usually show on leaves of disper-

sion, symmetry, and gradient characteristics [12] [13].

In mangosteen culture, the studies developed do not contemplate the symp-

toms of macronutrients and micronutrients and description of evolution of

I. de Jesus Matos Viégas et al.

DOI:

10.4236/ajps.2018.95078 1016 American Journal of Plant Sciences

symptoms. Thus, the aims of study were to evaluate the effect of omission of

macronutrients and micronutrients on growth, visual symptoms of nutritional

deficiencies and mineral composition in mangosteen plants.

2. Material and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials

Seeds were obtained from matrices originating from Embrapa Amazônia Orien-

tal, Belém city, Pará State, Brazil, in which were washed for purpose of removing

the pulp, and later sowed in a bed containing sand and sawdust mixture in a ra-

tio of 3:1. Thirty days after sowing before the appearance of first two leaves,

plants were transferred into black plastic bags with dimensions of 15 cm (width)

× 25 cm (height), containing mixture of black earth, sawdust, and cattle manure

in a ratio of 3:1:1, showing the following chemical characteristics:

8.10;

53.00% (organic matter); 1.78% (N-total); 0.54% (P

); 1.07% (K

O); 16.10

(C/N ratio); 2.96% (CaO); 0.48% (MgO); and 0.34% (S).

2.2. Experimental Design

The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belém city, Pará

State, Brazil, during 200 days under greenhouse conditions with temperatures

varying from 25˚C to 30˚C. Experimental design was a completely randomized

design, with four replications and twelve treatments: nutritive solution contain-

ing all required macronutrient and micronutrients and in solutions with omis-

sion of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn, using the missing element

technique, totaling 48 experimental plots.

Table 1 shows the chemical composi-

tion of nutrient solution used in experiment.

2.3. Conduct of Experiment

At 10 months, when the plants reached approximately 20 cm in height, in which

the roots were washed with distilled water to remove possible residues from the

substrate, and then transplanted into the plastic pots with 10 L capacity, with a

perforated base in order to facilitate the disposal and replacement of nutrient

solution being used in experiment.

Plants were acclimatized for 60 days in Bolle-Jones [14] nutrient solution, used

successfully in other researches with Amazonian crops under greenhouse condi-

tions, modified and diluted to 1:10 [15]. Plants with a height of 50 cm were submit-

ted to treatments with nutrient solution diluted to 1:1, total load with pH of ±5.5.

Nutrient solution were provided by percolation in plastic pots, with capacity

for 10 L and renewed at 15 days. Daily, monitoring was carried out at solution

level in collection bottles, completing them for 1 L per plant, when necessary

adding distilled water.

2.4. Experimental Evaluations

During the experiment were collected leaf samples and description of symptoms

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