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ESRI GIS. Understanding Map Projections
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GIS by ESRI
™
Understanding Map Projections
Melita Kennedy and Steve Kopp
Copyright © 19942000 Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc.
This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No
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Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA 92373-8100, USA.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
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event shall the U.S. Government acquire greater than RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS. At a minimum, use, duplication,
or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR §52.227-14 Alternates I, II, and III
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attribution.p65 01/06/2001, 1:46 PM8
Contents
CHAPTER 1: GEOGRAPHIC COORDINATE SYSTEMS ....................1
Geographic coordinate systems ............................................................................... 2
Spheroids and spheres ............................................................................................. 4
Datums ...................................................................................................................... 6
North American datums ............................................................................................ 7
CHAPTER 2: PROJECTED COORDINATE SYSTEMS ........................9
Projected coordinate systems ................................................................................. 10
What is a map projection? ...................................................................................... 11
Projection types ...................................................................................................... 13
Other projections .................................................................................................... 19
Projection parameters ............................................................................................. 20
CHAPTER 3: GEOGRAPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS ........................23
Geographic transformation methods ..................................................................... 24
Equation-based methods ........................................................................................ 25
Grid-based methods ............................................................................................... 27
CHAPTER 4: SUPPORTED MAP PROJECTIONS .............................. 29
List of supported map projections ......................................................................... 30
Aitoff ........................................................................................................................ 34
Alaska Grid ............................................................................................................. 35
Alaska Series E ........................................................................................................ 36
Albers Equal Area Conic ........................................................................................ 37
Azimuthal Equidistant ............................................................................................. 38
Behrmann Equal Area Cylindrical .......................................................................... 39
Bipolar Oblique Conformal Conic ......................................................................... 40
Bonne ...................................................................................................................... 41
Cassini–Soldner ....................................................................................................... 42
Chamberlin Trimetric .............................................................................................. 43
Craster Parabolic ..................................................................................................... 44
Cylindrical Equal Area ............................................................................................ 45
Double Stereographic ............................................................................................. 46
Eckert I .................................................................................................................... 47
mptoc.p65 01/06/2001, 12:31 PM3
iv • Understanding Map Projections
Eckert II ................................................................................................................... 48
Eckert III ................................................................................................................. 49
Eckert IV ................................................................................................................. 50
Eckert V ................................................................................................................... 51
Eckert VI ................................................................................................................. 52
Equidistant Conic .................................................................................................... 53
Equidistant Cylindrical ............................................................................................ 54
Equirectangular ....................................................................................................... 55
Gall’s Stereographic ................................................................................................ 56
Gauss–Krüger .......................................................................................................... 57
Geocentric Coordinate System ............................................................................... 58
Geographic Coordinate System .............................................................................. 59
Gnomonic ............................................................................................................... 60
Great Britain National Grid .................................................................................... 61
Hammer–Aitoff ........................................................................................................ 62
Hotine Oblique Mercator ....................................................................................... 63
Krovak ..................................................................................................................... 64
Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area............................................................................... 65
Lambert Conformal Conic ...................................................................................... 66
Local Cartesian Projection ...................................................................................... 67
Loximuthal .............................................................................................................. 68
McBryde–Thomas Flat-Polar Quartic ..................................................................... 69
Mercator .................................................................................................................. 70
Miller Cylindrical ..................................................................................................... 71
Mollweide ............................................................................................................... 72
New Zealand National Grid ................................................................................... 73
Orthographic ........................................................................................................... 74
Perspective .............................................................................................................. 75
Plate Carrée ............................................................................................................. 76
Polar Stereographic ................................................................................................. 77
Polyconic ................................................................................................................. 78
Quartic Authalic ...................................................................................................... 79
Rectified Skewed Orthomorphic ............................................................................ 80
Robinson ................................................................................................................. 81
Simple Conic ........................................................................................................... 82
Sinusoidal ................................................................................................................ 83
Space Oblique Mercator ......................................................................................... 84
mptoc.p65 01/06/2001, 12:31 PM4
Contents • v
State Plane Coordinate System ............................................................................... 85
Stereographic .......................................................................................................... 87
Times ....................................................................................................................... 88
Transverse Mercator ................................................................................................ 89
Two-Point Equidistant ............................................................................................ 91
Universal Polar Stereographic ................................................................................ 92
Universal Transverse Mercator ............................................................................... 93
Van Der Grinten I ................................................................................................... 94
Vertical Near-Side Perspective ................................................................................ 95
Winkel I................................................................................................................... 96
Winkel II ................................................................................................................. 97
Winkel Tripel .......................................................................................................... 98
SELECTED REFERENCES ......................................................................99
GLOSSARY .............................................................................................101
INDEX .....................................................................................................107
mptoc.p65 01/06/2001, 12:31 PM5
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