fragstats4.2help_fragstats4.2香农资源-CSDN文库

需积分: 9 177 浏览量 2014-12-28 13:24:51 上传评论收藏 1.91MB PDF 举报

### 关于Fragstats 4.2的知识点详解 #### 一、背景介绍与软件概述 **Fragstats 4.2**是一款专门用于景观生态学研究中的空间格局与过程分析的强大工具。它通过计算一系列复杂的景观指标来帮助研究者理解和量化景观结构的变化及其对生态系统功能的影响。 **Kevin McGarigal**是该软件的主要开发者之一，他不仅是一位独立顾问，还是马萨诸塞大学安姆斯特分校环境保护系的教授。McGarigal教授在环境咨询领域有着丰富的经验，并且对于景观生态学的研究具有深厚的学术背景。该软件由LandEcoConsulting提供技术支持。 Fragstats 4.2相比之前的版本进行了大幅度的内部架构调整以支持更多新的特性。例如，该版本新增了各种采样方法，以便更细致地分析子景观、单元格指标以及连续表面指标等（如景观梯度模型）。 #### 二、核心概念 1. **景观（Landscape）**: 在景观生态学中，景观被定义为一个由不同类型的斑块组成的系统。这些斑块包括森林、草地、水域等各种生态系统类型。 2. **斑块-走廊-基质模型（Patch-Corridor-Matrix Model）**: 这是一种常见的景观模式，其中斑块是指相对同质的区域，走廊是指连接不同斑块的通道，而基质则是指占据大部分空间的背景生态系统。 3. **尺度的重要性（The Importance of Scale）**: 景观分析时需要考虑不同的尺度，因为同一指标在不同尺度下的解释可能完全不同。正确的尺度选择对于获得准确的结果至关重要。 4. **景观上下文（Landscape Context）**: 指的是某个特定斑块或区域在其周围环境中所处的位置和关系，这对于理解生态过程非常重要。 5. **景观异质性的层级（Level of Heterogeneity）**: 异质性是指景观中各部分之间的差异程度。从局部到全局的不同尺度上，景观的异质性都存在差异。 #### 三、核心功能 1. **斑块级指标（Patch Metrics）**: 包括面积、周长、形状指数等，用以描述单个斑块的特征。 2. **类别级指标（Class Metrics）**: 如多样性指标、连通性指标等，用来描述同一类别内所有斑块的整体特征。 3. **景观级指标（Landscape Metrics）**: 如多样性、连通性、破碎化程度等，用以评估整个景观的结构特征。 #### 四、用户指南概览 1. **运行方式**：Fragstats 4.2提供了两种运行方式，一是通过图形用户界面（GUI），二是通过命令行接口（CLI）。新版的GUI经过重新设计，但其功能与旧版保持一致。 2. **安装步骤**：首先启动Fragstats GUI；接着创建模型并指定输入层；然后设置分析参数、选择并配置各项指标；最后执行分析并保存结果。 3. **数据格式**：Fragstats支持多种数据格式，包括栅格数据（raster data）和矢量数据（vector data）。矢量数据可以通过转换成栅格格式来使用。 4. **输出文件**：分析完成后，软件会生成多个输出文件，包括统计数据表、图表等。 #### 五、具体指标详解 1. **面积与边缘指标（Area and Edge Metrics）**: 例如斑块面积、斑块边缘长度等，用于描述斑块的大小和形状。 2. **形状指标（Shape Metrics）**: 例如紧凑度、分形维数等，用于描述斑块的几何形态特征。 3. **核心面积指标（Core Area Metrics）**: 如核心面积、有效斑块面积等，用于评估斑块内部的可用栖息地。 4. **对比指标（Contrast Metrics）**: 用于评估不同斑块之间的相互作用强度。 5. **聚合指标（Aggregation Metrics）**: 用于衡量斑块的空间聚集程度。 6. **多样性指标（Diversity Metrics）**: 如香农多样性指数、辛普森多样性指数等，用于量化景观的生物多样性水平。 #### 六、文献引用 Fragstats 4.2的开发和使用过程中涉及了大量的科学研究成果和技术文档。为了确保分析的准确性，建议用户查阅相关文献以了解各个指标的具体含义和应用背景。 Fragstats 4.2是一个功能强大的景观分析工具，能够帮助研究人员深入了解景观结构的变化及其对生态系统健康的影响。通过合理利用该软件提供的各种指标和功能，可以更好地支持生态保护和管理决策的制定。

资源详情

资源评论

FRAGSTATS HELP

January 16, 2014

Kevin McGarigal,

Sole proprietor, LandEco Consulting

Professor, Department of Environmental Conservation

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

mcgarigalk@eco.umass.edu

Table of Contents

WHAT’S NEW IN VERSION 4 ..................................................3

BACKGROUND ..............................................................4

Introduction ...............................................................4

What Is a Landscape? .......................................................4

Classes of Landscape Pattern..................................................5

Patch-Corridor-Matrix Model .................................................8

The Importance of Scale ....................................................11

Landscape Context.........................................................12

Perspectives on Categorical Map Patterns.......................................13

Scope of Analysis .........................................................14

Levels of Heterogeneity.....................................................15

Patch-based Metrics........................................................18

Surface Metrics ...........................................................22

Structural Versus Functional Metrics ..........................................25

Limitations in the Use and Interpretation of Metrics...............................26

USER GUIDELINES..........................................................30

Overview ................................................................30

What is FRAGSTATS ....................................................30

Scale Considerations ....................................................30

Computer Requirements .................................................30

Data Formats ..........................................................31

Raster Considerations ...................................................34

Vector to Raster Conversion ..............................................34

Levels of Metrics .......................................................34

Output Files ...........................................................34

Nodata, Backgrounds, Borders, and Boundaries ..............................36

Installation ...............................................................47

Running via the Graphical User Interface .......................................47

Step 1. Starting the FRAGSTATS GUI ......................................47

Step 2. Creating a Model ................................................48

WHAT’S NEW IN VERSION 4

The major changes in version 4 are as follows:

1. Version 4 is a major internal architectural revision to accommodate several new features,

including a wide variety of sampling methods to facilitate analyzing sub-landscapes (v4.2), cell

metrics (v4.3), and continuous surface metrics (i.e., landscape gradient model)(v4.4).

2. The graphical user interface is entirely new and is described in detail in the user guidelines, but

has the same functionality as version 3.

3. The ancillary tables used to specify the class properties (i.e., class descriptors, which specify a

character description for each numeric class value, whether to output the statistics for each class,

and whether to treat each class as background) and parameterize the functional metrics

associated with core area metrics, contrast metrics, and similarity index have a new table

structure (see user guidelines).

4. The batch file table used to import a batch file (i.e., multiple input landscapes) has a new

argument for the Nodata cell value, and thus the syntax has changed, starting with v4.2.

5. Supported image formats beginning with version 4.1 include: (1) ASCII grid, (2-4) 8-, 16- and

32-bit integer grids, (5) ESRI grid (or raster), (6) GeoTIFF grid, (7) VTP binary terrain format

grid, (8) ESRI header labelled grid, (9) ERDAS Imagine grid, (10) PCRaster grid, and (11) SAGA

GIS binary format grid. Support for the latter six image formats is via the GDAL library.ASCII

grid, 8-, 16- and 32-bit integer grids, ESRI grid (or raster), GeoTIFF grid, VTP binary terrain

format grid, ESRI header labelled grid, ERDAS Imagine grid, PCRaster grid, and SAGA GIS

binary format grid. Support for the latter six image formats is via the GDAL library.

6. The model file (i.e., full parameterization of FRAGSTATS) is saved with the filename extension

.fca instead of .frg. The .fca stands for “fragstats categorical model” and reflects the forthcoming

extensions in version 4.4 and higher to accommodate landscape gradients or continuous surface

patterns which will have a different model structure and be saved with a different extension

(.fco).

7. You can no longer input a unique patch ID grid. We realized too many conflicts with the

user-provided patch ID file not being consistent with the user-specified model; e.g., input

patches defined using a 4-neighbor rule but the model parameterized using an 8-neighbor rule.

For the time being, we removed the option of inputting a patch ID file, but maintained the

option of outputting a patch ID file.

BACKGROUND

Introduction

Landscape ecology, if not ecology in general, is largely founded on the notion that environmental

patterns strongly influence ecological processes (Turner 1989). The habitats in which organisms live,

for example, are spatially structured at a number of scales, and these patterns interact with organism

perception and behavior to drive the higher level processes of population dynamics and community

structure (Johnson et al. 1992). Anthropogenic activities (e.g. development, timber harvest) can

disrupt the structural integrity of landscapes and is expected to impede, or in some cases facilitate,

ecological flows (e.g., movement of organisms) across the landscape (Gardner et al. 1993). A

disruption in landscape patterns may therefore compromise its functional integrity by interfering

with critical ecological processes necessary for population persistence and the maintenance of

biodiversity and ecosystem health (With 2000). For these and other reasons, much emphasis has

been placed on developing methods to quantify landscape patterns, which is considered a

prerequisite to the study of pattern-process relationships (e.g., O'Neill et al. 1988, Turner 1990,

Turner and Gardner 1991, Baker and Cai 1992, McGarigal and Marks 1995). This has resulted in the

development of literally hundreds of indices of landscape patterns. This progress has been facilitated

by recent advances in computer processing and geographic information (GIS) technologies.

Unfortunately, according to Gustafson (1998), “the distinction between what can be mapped and

measured and the patterns that are ecologically relevant to the phenomenon under investigation or

management is sometimes blurred.”

What Is a Landscape?

Landscape ecology by definition deals with the ecology of landscapes. Surprisingly, there are many

different interpretations of the term “landscape.” The disparity in definitions makes it difficult to

communicate clearly, and even more difficult to establish consistent management policies.

Definitions of landscape invariably include an area of land containing a mosaic of patches or

landscape elements (see below). Forman and Godron (1986) defined landscape as a heterogeneous

land area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that is repeated in similar form

throughout. The concept differs from the traditional ecosystem concept in focusing on groups of

ecosystems and the interactions among them. There are many variants of the definition depending

on the research or management context.

For example, from a wildlife perspective, we might define landscape as an area of land containing a

mosaic of habitat patches, often within which a particular "focal" or "target" habitat patch is

embedded (Dunning et al. 1992). Because habitat patches can only be defined relative to a particular

organism's perception and scaling of the environment (Wiens 1976), landscape size would differ

among organisms. However, landscapes generally occupy some spatial scale intermediate between an

organism's normal home range and its regional distribution. In-other-words, because each organism

scales the environment differently (i.e., a salamander and a hawk view their environment on different

scales), there is no absolute size for a landscape; from an organism-centered perspective, the size of

a landscape varies depending on what constitutes a mosaic of habitat or resource patches meaningful

to that particular organism.

This definition most likely contrasts with the more anthropocentric definition that a landscape

corresponds to an area of land equal to or larger than, say, a large basin (e.g., several thousand

hectares). Indeed, Forman and Godron (1986) suggested a lower limit for landscapes at a "few

kilometers in diameter", although they recognized that most of the principles of landscape ecology

apply to ecological mosaics at any level of scale. While this may be a more pragmatic definition than

the organism-centered definition and perhaps corresponds to our human perception of the

environment, it has limited utility in managing wildlife populations if you accept the fact that each

organism scales the environment differently. From an organism-centered perspective, a landscape

could range in absolute scale from an area smaller than a single forest stand (e.g., a individual log) to

an entire ecoregion. If you accept this organism-centered definition of a landscape, a logical

consequence of this is a mandate to manage habitats across the full range of spatial scales; each scale,

whether it be the stand or watershed, or some other scale, will likely be important for a subset of

species, and each species will likely respond to more than one scale.

Key Point

It is not our intent to argue for a single definition of landscape. Rather, we wish to point out that there

are many appropriate ways to define landscape depending on the phenomenon under consideration. The

important point is that a landscape is not necessarily defined by its size; rather, it is defined by an

interacting mosaic of patches relevant to the phenomenon under consideration (at any scale). It is

incumbent upon the investigator or manager to define landscape in an appropriate manner. The essential

first step in any landscape-level research or management endeavor is to define the landscape, and this is of

course prerequisite to quantifying landscape patterns.

Classes of Landscape Pattern

Real landscapes contain complex spatial patterns in the distribution of resources that vary over time;

quantifying these patterns and their dynamics is the purview of landscape pattern analysis.

Landscape patterns can be quantified in a variety of ways depending on the type of data collected,

the manner in which it is collected, and the objectives of the investigation. Broadly considered,

landscape pattern analysis involves four basic types of spatial data corresponding to different

representations of spatial heterogeneity (or models of landscape structure), although in practice these

fundamental conceptual models of landscape structure are sometimes combined in various ways.

These basic classes of landscape pattern look rather different numerically, but they share a concern

with the characterization of spatial heterogeneity:

(1) Spatial point patterns

– Spatial point patterns represent collections of entities where the geographic

locations of the entities are of primary interest, rather than any quantitative or qualitative attribute of

the entity itself. A familiar example is a map of all trees in a forest stand, wherein the data consists of

a list of trees referenced by their geographic locations. Typically, the points would be labeled by

species, and perhaps further specified by their sizes (a marked point pattern). The goal of point

pattern analysis with such data is to determine whether the points are more or less clustered than

expected by chance and/or to find the spatial scale(s) at which the points tend to be more or less

clustered than expected by chance, and a variety of methods have been developed for this purpose

(Greig-Smith 1983, Dale 1999).

(2) Linear network patterns – Linear network patterns represent collections of linear landscape elements

剩余181页未读，继续阅读

评论收藏

内容反馈

fragstats 4.2 help

评论0

最新资源

fragstats 4.2 help

评论0

最新资源

相关推荐

fragstats.help.4.2.pdf

fragstats4.2及官方帮助文档

fragstats4.2安装包

仿真电路以及操作方法

python大作业 含爬虫、数据可视化、地图、报告、及源码（整和为一个文件）（2014-2020全国各地区原油加工量）.rar

【纯干货啊】华为IPD流程管理(完整版).pptx

信号与系统——保研复习资料.pdf

可编程语言标准IEC61131-3中文版.pdf

Landsat_WRS2.zip

数字信号处理——保研复习资料.pdf

使用STM32F103C8T6+L298N+MG513P30电机使用外部中断法和输入捕获法进行编码器测速

系统规划与管理师全套资料.zip

风电和储能并网Simulink模型

通信原理——保研复习资料.pdf

离散数学及其应用第八版偶数题答案

线性代数——保研复习资料.pdf

中国行政区划矢量数据WGS84免费下载

专接本_汇编工具_2021年授课专用.exe

模型预测控制陈虹.pdf

CISP题库（带答案）【精品】

基于python+django学生信息管理系统设计与实现（毕业论文+毕设源码）.zip

数字孪生体白皮书(全版)2019完成.pdf

数字信号处理PDF完整本(程佩青)-专业指导文档类资源

调幅发射机及超外差式接收机仿真电路Multisim12.zip

VCS_User_Guide.pdf

中科大+上交电院+上交密院——通信方向保研面试真题.pdf

华中科技大学计算机组成原理实验报告-CPU设计实验.docx

innovus命令手册.pdf

python大作业含爬虫、数据可视化、地图、报告、及源码（整和为一个文件）（2014-2020全国各地区原油加工量）.rar