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The Theory,History and Future of System Linkers

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Modern optimizing linkers have different models of linking. Every models have its unique strength and weakness. I will introduce the differences, advantages and drawbacks of these linkers. This part will touch ATOM model of ld64 and Fragment-reference model of MCLinker.

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Together, we can make

difference

The Theory, History and Future

System Linkers

Luba Tang

CEO & Founder, Skymizer Inc.

Outline

•

The History

–

Target Independent Linkers

–

Post Optimizers

–

Instrumentation Tools

•

The Theory

–

Linking Language

–

Fragment-reference graph

•

The Future

–

for GPGPU; for virtual machines

–

The bold project

唐文力 Luba Tang

CEO & Founder of Skymizer Inc.

Architect of MCLinker and GYM compiler

Compiler and Linker/Electronic System Level

Design

Linker: The Elephant in the Room

•

System linkers are very complicated. Only a few team can make a

full-fledge system linker.

–

There are only four open source linkers that can be said full-fledge.

–

GNU ld, Google gold can link Linux kernel

–

Apple ld64 can link Mac OS X and iOS

–

MCLinker can link BSD and Android system

•

ELF linkers are super complicated. There are many undocumented

behaviors and target-specific behaviors.

–

The other linkers are developed for more than three years and can not be

released. The linking problem is intricate.

•

Although a lot of researches have proven linker itself can optimize

programs at a high performance level, developers still not get

benefit from these researches.

No Linker Really Optimize Programs

•

MCLinker is 35% faster than the Google gold, and the Google gold is ~200% faster than GNU ld

•

If we turn on optimization flags, the output quality is almost identical to all linkers (<3 %)

Comparison of ELF Linkers

GNU ld Google gold MCLinker

License

GPLv3

Cannot be adopted by Android

UIUC BSD-Style

Target Platform

All Linux

mainstream

devices

ARM, X86,

X86_64, (Mips,

SPARC)

All Android devices.

ARM, X86, Mips

(X86_64, X32, Mips64

and Hexagon)

Object Format

COFF, a.out, ELF ELF only ELF, extensible

Line of Code

500+K 100+K 50+K

Performance

- Fast Fastest

Steadily x2 than GNU

ld, x1.3 than Google

gold

Intermediate

Representation

The BFD library for

reference graph

None Command line language

and reference graph

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