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无线传感器网络（Wireless Sensor Networks，简称WSN）是一种由大量小型、低成本、低功耗的传感器节点组成的网络，这些节点能够感知环境信息，并通过无线通信进行数据传输和信息共享。WSN是现代信息技术发展的一个重要方向，尤其在后PC时代，随着笔记本电脑、手机、个人数字助理（PDA）、全球定位系统（GPS）、射频识别（RFID）以及智能电子设备的普及，计算设备变得更为便携、分布广泛且深入日常生活的方方面面。 ### WSN的关键组件一个典型的无线传感器节点主要包括以下几个部分： 1. **传感组件**：用于采集环境数据，如温度、湿度、光照强度等。 2. **计算组件**：负责数据处理与存储，通常集成有微处理器和内存。 3. **通信组件**：支持无线通信，实现与其他节点的数据交换。 4. **执行组件**：根据处理后的信息执行特定操作，如开关阀门、调整电机等。 5. **电源组件**：为整个节点供电，常见的是采用电池供电，设计时需考虑节能策略以延长工作时间。 ### WSN的应用场景 WSN的应用范围极其广泛，涵盖了多个领域： - **环境监测与生态研究**：部署于野外，监测气候、动物活动等自然现象。 - **军事侦察**：战场上的隐蔽部署，用于情报收集和监视。 - **应急救援**：灾难发生时快速部署，协助搜救行动。 - **工业维护**：工厂中的设备监控，实现基于状态的维修策略。 - **建筑健康监测**：评估建筑物结构安全，预防潜在风险。 - **智能家居**：家庭自动化控制，提升居住舒适度。 - **医疗监护**：患者体征监测，及时反馈健康状况。 ### WSN的技术挑战尽管WSN具有广阔的应用前景，但其技术实现也面临诸多挑战： 1. **能源限制**：传感器节点通常依赖电池供电，如何优化能量消耗，延长网络寿命是关键问题。 2. **通信效率**：无线通信信道的不稳定性与多跳传输机制增加了数据传输的复杂性。 3. **安全性**：开放的无线环境易受干扰与攻击，确保数据的安全传输是另一大挑战。 4. **大规模部署**：成千上万的传感器节点自组织形成网络，如何高效管理与协调是亟待解决的问题。 ### 结论无线传感器网络作为信息技术领域的一项重大突破，正逐步改变我们对环境的认知与管理方式。通过将微型传感器节点广泛部署，不仅可以收集到前所未有的海量数据，还能实现远程监控与智能化决策。然而，WSN的发展同样面临着能源、通信、安全及管理等方面的挑战，未来的研究将致力于克服这些障碍，推动WSN技术向更成熟、更广泛应用的方向发展。

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INFORMATION PROCESSING AND ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

http://www.worldscibooks.com/compsci/6288.html

August 7, 2006 16:37 WSPC/Book Trim Size for 9in x 6in book

Chapter 1

Introduction to Wireless Sensor

Networks

1.1 Overview

With the popularity of laptops, cell phones, PDAs, GPS devices, RFID, and

intelligent electronics in the post-PC era, computing devices have become

cheaper, more mobile, more distributed, and more pervasive in daily life.

It is now possible to construct, from commercial oﬀ-the-shelf (COTS) com-

ponents, a wallet size embedded system with the equivalent capability of a

90’s PC. Such embedded systems can be supported with scaled down Win-

dows or Linux operating systems. From this perspective, the emergence of

wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essentially the latest trend of Moore’s

Law toward the miniaturization and ubiquity of computing devices.

Typically, a wireless sensor node (or simply sensor node) consists of sens-

ing, computing, communication, actuation, and power components. These

components are integrated on a single or multiple boards, and packaged in

a few cubic inches. With state-of-the-art, low-power circuit and networking

technologies, a sensor node powered by 2 AA batteries can last for up to

three years with a 1% low duty cycle working mode. A WSN usually con-

sists of tens to thousands of such nodes that communicate through wireless

channels for information sharing and cooperative processing. WSNs can be

deployed on a global scale for environmental monitoring and habitat study,

over a battle ﬁeld for military surveillance and reconnaissance, in emer-

gent environments for search and rescue, in factories for condition based

maintenance, in buildings for infrastructure health monitoring, in homes to

realize smart homes, or even in bodies for patient monitoring

[

60; 76; 124;

142

]

After the initial deployment (typically ad hoc), sensor nodes are re-

sponsible for self-organizing an appropriate network infrastructure, often

INFORMATION PROCESSING AND ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

http://www.worldscibooks.com/compsci/6288.html

August 7, 2006 16:37 WSPC/Book Trim Size for 9in x 6in book

2 Information Processing and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

with multi-hop connections between sensor nodes. The onboard sensors

then start collecting acoustic, seismic, infrared or magnetic information

about the environment, using either continuous or event driven working

modes. Location and positioning information can also be obtained through

the global positioning system (GPS) or local positioning algorithms. This

information can be gathered from across the network and appropriately

processed to construct a global view of the monitoring phenomena or ob-

jects. The basic philosophy behind WSNs is that, while the capability of

each individual sensor node is limited, the aggregate power of the entire

network is suﬃcient for the required mission.

In a typical scenario, users can retrieve information of interest from

a WSN by injecting queries and gathering results from the so-called base

stations (or sink nodes), which behave as an interface between users and the

network. In this way, WSNs can be considered as a distributed database

[

45;

184

]

. It is also envisioned that sensor networks will ultimately be connected

to the Internet, through which global information sharing becomes feasible

(Figure 1.1).

The era of WSNs is highly anticipated in the near future. In September

1999, WSNs were identiﬁed by Business Week as one of the most important

and impactive technologies for the 21st century

[

]

. Also, in January 2003,

the MIT’s Technology Review stated that WSNs are one of the top ten

emerging technologies

[

125

]

. It is also estimated that WSNs generated less

than $150 million in sales in 2004, but would top $7 billion by 2010

[

133

]

In December 2004, a WSN with more than 1000 nodes was launched in

Florida by the ExScal team

[

]

, which is the largest deployed WSN to

date.

1.2 Enabling Technologies

1.2.1 Hardware

The hardware basis of WSNs is driven by advances in several technologies.

First, System-on-Chip (SoC) technology is capable of integrating complete

systems on a single chip. Commercial SoC based embedded processors from

Atmel, Intel, and Texas Instruments have been used for sensor nodes such as

UC Berkeley’s motes

[

48; 173

]

, UCLA’s Medusa

[

120

]

and WINS

[

197

]

, and

MIT’s µAMPS-1

[

187

]

. Several research groups, such as the PicoRadio team

from UC Berkeley

[

139

]

, have been trying to integrate prototype sensor

nodes (PicoNode I) onto a few chips (PicoNode II). Many interesting SoC

INFORMATION PROCESSING AND ROUTING IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

http://www.worldscibooks.com/compsci/6288.html

August 7, 2006 16:37 WSPC/Book Trim Size for 9in x 6in book

4 Information Processing and Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks

now available to integrate a rich set of sensors onto the same CMOS chip.

Commercially available sensors now include thermal, acoustic/ultrasound,

and seismic sensors, magnetic and electromagnetic sensors, optical trans-

ducers, chemical and biological transducers, accelerometers, solar radia-

tion detectors, photosynthetically active radiation detectors, and baromet-

ric pressure detectors

[

105

]

. These sensors can be used in a broad range of

applications, including acoustic ranging, motion tracking, vibration detec-

tion, and environmental sensing.

The above technologies, along with advanced packaging techniques,

have made it possible to integrate sensing, computing, communication, and

power components into a miniaturized sensor node.

1.2.2 Wireless Networking

Besides hardware technologies, the development of WSNs also relies on

wireless networking technologies. The 802.11 protocol, the ﬁrst standard

for wireless local area networks (WLANs), was introduced in 1997. It was

upgraded to 802.11b with an increased data rate and CSMA/CA mech-

anisms for medium access control (MAC). Although designed for wire-

less LANs that usually consist of laptops and PDAs, the 802.11 proto-

cols are also assumed by many early eﬀorts on WSNs. However, the

high power consumption and excessively high data rate of 802.11 pro-

tocols are not suitable for WSNs. This fact has motivated several re-

search eﬀorts to design energy eﬃcient MAC protocols

[

109; 145; 189;

206

]

. Recently, the 802.15.4-based ZigBee protocol was released, which was

speciﬁcally designed for short range and low data rate wireless personal

area networks (WPAN). Its applicability to WSNs was soon supported by

several commercial sensor node products, including MicaZ

[

]

, Telos

[

140

]

and Ember products

[

]

Above the physical and MAC layers, routing techniques in wireless net-

works are another important research direction for WSNs. Some early

routing protocols in WSNs are actually existing routing protocols for wire-

less ad hoc networks or wireless mobile networks. These protocols, in-

cluding DSR

[

]

and AODV

[

138

]

, are hardly applicable to WSNs due

to their high power consumption. They are also designed to support

general routing requests in wireless networks, without considering spe-

ciﬁc communication patterns in WSNs. Nevertheless, the customization

of these protocols for WSNs and the development of new routing tech-

niques have become hot research topics

[

26; 51; 66; 73; 85; 95; 107; 160;

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