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文库首页硬件开发嵌入式传统的单相到三相功率转换器-世界顶级高校教材

传统的单相到三相功率转换器-世界顶级高校教材

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讨论了将单相功率转换为适合为交流负载供电的三相功率的方法讨论了用于将单相交流电压转换为三相功率的传统功率转换器。详细分析了传统变换器的两种变换器拓扑结构。还讨论了两种变换器拓扑结构的控制方案，以控制直流电压并实现单位功率因数操作。使用感应电机作为两种转换器拓扑的负载，在Matlab/Simulink中对其进行仿真，以验证转换器的功能。6.2单相到三相功率转换三相电气设备（如三相交流电机）的主要功能明显比单相电气设备更高效、更经济、更易于控制。对于与单相电动机相同的额定功率，三相电动机的尺寸相对较小。由于扩展三相服务的高成本，在许多农村或轻工业地区通常无法获得三相电力。因此，在许多情况下，唯一可用的电力将是单相电力，因此需要能够转换

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CHAPTER 6

CONVENTIONAL SINGLE-PHASE TO THREE-PHASE POWER

CONVERTERS

6.1 Introduction

In this chapter the approach to convert single-phase power to three-phase

power suitable for powering ac loads is discussed. ‘Conventional’ power converters

used for the conversion of single-phase ac voltage into three-phase power is

discussed. Two converter topologies for the Conventional Converters are explained

with detailed analysis. The control scheme for the two converter topologies to control

the dc voltage and to achieve unity power factor operation is also discussed. An

induction machine was used as a load for the two converter topologies, which was

simulated in Matlab/Simulink to verify the functionality of the converters.

6.2 Single-Phase To Three-Phase Power Conversion

The main function of the Three-phase electrical equipment such as three-

phase ac motors are significantly more efficient, economical and easy to control then

their single-phase counterpart. The size of the three-phase motors, for the same power

rating as that of the single-phase motor is relatively small. Three-phase power is not

usually available in many of the rural or light industrial areas, due to the high cost of

extending the three-phase service. So the only available power in many instances will

be single-phase power and so there exists a need for converters which can convert

102

single phase power to three phase power keeping in mind the considerations of cost

and good performance.

6.2.1.Conventional Single Phase to Three-Phase Power Converter Circuits

In the classical method of single-phase to three-phase conversion the single-

phase power supply is given to the converter, which can either be full, or half bridge

type, in cascade with a three-phase inverter with a dc link capacitor in between. The

general concept of conventional circuits is as shown in Fig 6.1.

In the conventional converters the ac-to-dc conversion is independent from

the dc-to-ac conversion. The power supply current is controlled to be sinusoidal by

the full-bridge ac-to-dc converter, while the pulse-width modulation inverter controls

the motor input voltage. These two control actions are independent and a large

capacitor is inserted in between the converters for decoupling.

The work of the single-phase inverter is to generate dc voltage at its output

terminals and all that the three-phase inverter requires is dc voltage with little or no

ripple at its input terminals. The converter connected to the supply is called the line-

side converter and the one connected to the load is the load-side converter. Thus in

the conventional topologies the control of the line and the load side converters are

independent.

103

MOTOR

Converter

ac/dc

Inverter

Figure 6.1: Concept of conventional circuits.

Two types of conventional single-phase to three-phase conversion

topologies are discussed in the following sections with detailed analysis of the

mathematical model.

6.2.1.1. Conventional Full-Bridge Topology

The ‘conventional’ full bridge converter is capable of bidirectional power

transfer, which is power being exchanged between the load and the supply in either

way. The full bridge topology as shown in Figure 6.2 has four switches for the ac-to-

dc conversion. The dc voltage at the output terminals of this conversion process is fed

into a three-phase inverter which produces the three phase balanced voltages across

the load. In the topology in Figure 6.2 the power transfer is quite apparent, that is the

single phase supply is applied between the two midpoints of the two converter legs

and a big capacitor is kept at the output terminals, which also serves as a filter. The dc

voltage across the capacitor is applied to the three-phase inverter, which can be in the

Voltage Source Inverter (VSI), or the Current Source Inverter (CSI) topology in

which the switches can be PWM operated or normal thyristor fired circuit.

104

Motor

1- phase

supply

AC-DC converter

3-phase Inverter

Figure6.2: Conventional full-bridge ac/dc converter inverter circuit.

In the above explained circuit topology there is an input reactor to reduce

the ripple in the supply current, which arises due to the fact that the converters have

switching devices which would continuously be turned ON and turned OFF according

to a predetermined pattern leading to pulsating the input current.

6.2.1.2 Conventional Half-Bridge Topology

The half bridge topology as shown in Figure 6.3 is similar to a full bridge

one except that a capacitor leg with neutral accessible replaces one of the converter

legs of the line side converter, but the load side converter remains the same. This

topology is cheaper when compared to the full bridge type as it involves less number

of switches but the size of the converter increases due to the capacitor.

105

Motor

Figure 6.3: Conventional Half-Bridge Circuit.

In the half bridge converter the dc link voltage will be twice that in a full bridge

converter, and so the switching devices must withstand this increased voltage. But

this topology is useful when the output voltage is not too high, or for low power

applications. The equations which describe the operation of the converter in Figure

6.3 based on Kirchoff’s voltage law (KVL), are

LVTT

−=− )(

1211

(6.1)

noan

VVSS

+=− )(

1211

(6.2)

nobn

VVSS

+=− )(

2221

(6.3)

nocn

VVSS

+=− )(

3231

. (6.4)

where

V is the voltage between the neutral point of the load and the midpoint of the

dc-link voltage. As the switching functions for the two devices in the same leg are

complementary then;

1211

+TT

(6.5)

106

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