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ffmpeg examples, windows script
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FFmpeg 是一个强大的开源工具，用于处理音频和视频文件，包括转换、编码、解码、分割、合并等多种功能。在Windows环境下，可以使用批处理脚本来自动化这些操作，提高工作效率。下面将详细介绍FFmpeg的基本使用和一些实用示例。 1.1 FFmpeg能做什么？ FFmpeg 可以执行以下任务： - 转换视频和音频格式 - 编码和解码多媒体文件 - 改变容器格式（如MP4、MKV、AVI等） - 调整视频分辨率和比特率 - 合并多个视频或音频流 - 截取视频片段 - 创建视频时间轴 - 添加音轨、字幕或水印 - 生成视频缩略图 - 进行视频和音频的滤镜处理 1.2 FFmpeg没有图形用户界面，如何使用？ FFmpeg 是命令行工具，这意味着你需要通过命令行界面（如Windows的CMD或PowerShell）输入命令来运行它。这可能对初学者来说有些挑战，但一旦熟悉了基本语法和选项，就能高效地进行多媒体处理。 1.3 第一个例子 一个简单的FFmpeg命令示例是将一个视频文件转换为不同的格式，例如： ```bash ffmpeg -i input.mp4 output.webm ``` 这个命令将`input.mp4`文件转换为`output.webm`。 1.4 使用变量 在批处理脚本中，可以使用环境变量或者自定义变量来动态指定输入和输出文件名，例如： ```bash set INPUT=input.mp4 set OUTPUT=output.mp4 ffmpeg -i "%INPUT%" "%OUTPUT%" ``` 2. FFmpeg详解 2.1 从一种视频格式转换到另一种视频格式 ```bash ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c:v libx265 -crf 23 output.mkv ``` 这个命令将MP4格式的视频转换为H.265编码的MKV格式，使用恒定质量（CRF）23。 2.2 改变容器格式 ```bash ffmpeg -i input.mp4 -c copy output.mkv ``` 此命令保持视频流不变，只改变容器格式为MKV。 2.3 使时间延时长度与音乐长度匹配 ```bash ffmpeg -i timelapse.mp4 -i audio.mp3 -shortest output.mp4 ``` 这个命令将时间延时视频与音乐同步，输出的视频长度将与最短的输入（这里为音乐）相匹配。 2.4 从多张图片创建时间延时或幻灯片，带有淡入淡出效果 ```bash ffmpeg -framerate 5 -i image%03d.jpg -filter_complex "[0:v]fade=t=out:st=10:d=1[v];[0:a]afade=t=out:st=10:d=1[a]" -c:v libx264 -preset slow -crf 23 -c:a aac -b:a 128k -shortest output.mp4 ``` 这个命令从名为`image001.jpg`到`image999.jpg`的图片序列创建一个时间延时视频，并在每张图片之间添加淡入淡出效果。 2.5 幻灯片展示不同持续时间的图片 使用`-loop`参数可以设置每张图片的显示时间，例如： ```bash ffmpeg -framerate 1/2 -loop 1 -i image1.jpg -framerate 1/3 -loop 1 -i image2.jpg -filter_complex "[0:v][1:v]concat=n=2:v=1:a=0[outv]" -map "[outv]" output.mp4 ``` 这个命令将两张图片以不同的帧率（每秒半张和每秒三分之一张）制作成幻灯片。 2.6 幻灯片带音轨 ```bash ffmpeg -framerate 5 -i image%03d.jpg -i audio.mp3 -filter_complex "[0:v]fade=t=out:st=10:d=1[v];[1:a]afade=t=out:st=10:d=1[a]" -c:v libx264 -preset slow -crf 23 -c:a aac -b:a 128k -shortest output.mp4 ``` 在前面的幻灯片示例基础上，添加了音轨，使得图片展示与音乐同步。 FFmpeg的潜力远不止这些，它还可以用于处理各种特殊效果、颜色校正、直播流、音频处理等。通过掌握FFmpeg，你可以在各种多媒体项目中发挥强大的作用，无论是专业视频制作还是个人娱乐。对于特定的设备如Canon 5D-MK4、Panasonic LUMIX GH5S、Kodak PIXPRO SP360 4K、Ricoh Theta V等，FFmpeg都能很好地支持其文件格式，实现高质量的视频处理。同时，FFmpeg还可以结合图像处理和天文学软件，进行更复杂的多媒体工作流程。
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An Introduction to
FFmpeg, DaVinci Resolve, Timelapse and Fulldome Video Production,
Special Effects, Color Grading, Streaming, Audio Processing,
Canon 5D-MK4, Panasonic LUMIX GH5S, Kodak PIXPRO SP360 4K, Ricoh Theta V,
Synthesizers, Image Processing and Astronomy Software
by
Michael Koch, astroelectronic@t-online.de
Version from December 13, 2021
1
Contents
1 Introduction to FFmpeg .............................................................................. 9
1.1 What can be done with FFmpeg? .................................................... 11
1.2 If FFmpeg has no graphical user interface, how do we use it? .... 12
1.3 The first example .............................................................................. 14
1.4 Using variables ................................................................................. 15
2 FFmpeg in detail ....................................................................................... 16
2.1 Convert from one video format to another video format ............... 16
2.2 Change the container format ........................................................... 16
2.3 Fit timelapse length to music length ............................................... 17
2.4 Timelapse or slideshow from many images, with crossfading ..... 18
2.5 Slideshow with different durations ................................................ 20
2.6 Slideshow with scrolling images ..................................................... 21
2.7 Extract many images from a video .................................................. 24
2.8 Extract the first and last frame from a video .................................. 25
2.9 Modify brightness, contrast, saturation, gamma and hue ............. 26
2.10 Strong contrast enhancement ....................................................... 27
2.11 Inverting a video or image (make a negative) ............................... 29
2.12 Colorchannelmixer filter ................................................................. 31
2.13 Shuffleplanes filter .......................................................................... 33
2.14 Day-for-Night ................................................................................... 34
2.15 Colorcorrect filter ............................................................................ 35
2.16 Colortemperature filter ................................................................... 37
2.17 Hue filter .......................................................................................... 39
2.18 Huesaturation filter ......................................................................... 41
2.19 Selectivecolor filter ......................................................................... 43
2.20 Colorbalance filter .......................................................................... 45
2.21 Colorcontrast filter .......................................................................... 47
2.22 Monochrome filter ........................................................................... 49
2.23 Vibrance filter .................................................................................. 52
2.24 Swapuv filter ................................................................................... 55
2.25 Gradation curves ............................................................................ 56
2.26 Color grading with color look-up tables, full workflow ............... 57
2.27 Color grading with color look-up tables, simplified workflow .... 59
2.28 Size of color-look-up tables ........................................................... 60
2.29 Colorhold, chromahold and hsvhold ............................................ 64
2.30 Atmospheric dispersion correction ............................................... 66
2.31 Amplify filter .................................................................................... 67
2.32 Sharpen or blur images .................................................................. 67
2.33 FFT Filtering .................................................................................... 69
2.34 Extract a time segment from a video ............................................. 76
2.35 Trim filter ......................................................................................... 77
2.36 Tpad filter, add a few seconds black at the beginning or end .... 78
2.37 Extract the last 30 seconds of a video .......................................... 79
2.38 Fade-in and fade-out ....................................................................... 80
2.39 Crossfading ..................................................................................... 81
2.40 Crop a video .................................................................................... 82
2.41 Add borders to a video ................................................................... 83
2.42 Zoompan .......................................................................................... 83
2.43 Changing the speed: slow motion and timelapse ........................ 84
2.44 Slow motion or timelapse only for a segment of the video ......... 85
2.45 Time Remapping ............................................................................. 86
2.46 Insert a text which is visible for the whole duration .................... 88
2.47 Slowly fade a text in and out .......................................................... 88
2.48 Vertical alignment of text ................................................................ 90
2.49 Show a running clock in the video ................................................ 91
2.50 Generation of curved text for fulldome projection ...................... 93
2.51 Write text on a transparent layer ................................................... 96
2.52 Combine multiple videos with concat demuxer ........................... 97
2.53 Combine multiple videos with concat filter .................................. 99
2.54 The "fps" filter ................................................................................. 99
2.55 Split a video in multiple segments .............................................. 100
2.56 Switch between two cameras, using audio from camera1 ........ 101
2.57 Stack videos side by side (or on top of each other) ................. 102
2.58 Horizontal and vertical flipping .................................................... 102
2
2.59 Stack four videos to a 2x2 mosaic .............................................. 103
2.60 Blink comparator .......................................................................... 104
2.61 Creating animated GIF or PNG .................................................... 106
2.62 Overlay an animated GIF over a video ........................................ 107
2.63 Changing the size of an animated GIF ........................................ 107
2.64 Replace one frame in a video by another ................................... 108
2.65 Blend filter ..................................................................................... 109
2.66 Circular mask (View through eyepiece) ....................................... 111
2.67 Binocular view simulation ............................................................ 113
2.68 Vignetting ....................................................................................... 114
2.69 Subtracting a darkframe ............................................................... 115
2.70 Histogram ...................................................................................... 115
2.71 Lagfun filter ................................................................................... 116
2.72 Deflicker a video ............................................................................ 118
2.73 Star trails ....................................................................................... 121
2.74 Bird trails ....................................................................................... 122
2.75 Rainbow-trail effect ....................................................................... 125
2.76 Temporal slice-stacking effect ..................................................... 126
2.77 Extract and merge planes, split planes ....................................... 127
2.78 Colorkey ......................................................................................... 128
2.79 Chromakey .................................................................................... 129
2.80 HSVkey ........................................................................................... 130
2.81 Lumakey ........................................................................................ 131
2.82 Bluescreen / greenscreen ............................................................ 132
2.83 Real-time bluescreening .............................................................. 143
2.84 Extract moving objects from a video .......................................... 145
2.85 Datascope ...................................................................................... 145
2.86 Video line jitter effect .................................................................... 146
2.87 Vertical jitter effect ........................................................................ 147
2.88 CRT Screen Effect ......................................................................... 148
2.89 Macroblock motion vectors ......................................................... 148
2.90 Deblock filter ................................................................................. 148
2.91 Gradfun filter ................................................................................. 149
2.92 Dilation filter .................................................................................. 149
2.93 Morphological transforms ............................................................ 150
2.94 Correct the radial distortion of (fisheye-) lenses ........................ 153
2.95 V360 filter for rotation of equirectangular 360° videos .............. 156
2.96 Equirectangular images of the night sky .................................... 159
2.97 Undo spherical rotations .............................................................. 160
2.98 Remap a fisheye video to an equirectangular video .................. 161
2.99 Remap an equirectangular video to a fisheye video .................. 165
2.100 Remap from equirectangular to double-fisheye ....................... 167
2.101 Remap an equirectangular video to a "Little planet" video ..... 168
2.102 Remap an equirectangular video to a "Mirror sphere" video .. 170
2.103 Shifting the viewing direction in a fisheye image or video ...... 174
2.104 How the "drawbox" filter works ................................................. 176
2.105 Stitching together double-fisheye videos ................................. 177
2.106 Remove stitching artefacts ........................................................ 179
2.107 Stitch double-fisheye images with alignment errors ............... 183
2.108 Preprocessing a flat video for fulldome projection .................. 187
2.109 Rotating the earth, moon or planet ............................................ 190
2.110 Live rotation of the moon ........................................................... 196
2.111 Insert a crosshair in a live video ................................................ 198
2.112 Tunnel effect ................................................................................ 199
2.113 Black hole simulation with remap filter ..................................... 203
2.114 Wormhole simulation .................................................................. 208
2.115 Simulation of a moving wormhole ............................................. 213
2.116 Dynamically change commands with "sendcmd" or "zmq" .... 217
2.117 Sendcmd and commands ........................................................... 218
2.118 Sending commands with ZMQ ................................................... 223
2.119 FFmpeg and C# Programming ................................................... 225
2.120 Video stabilization ....................................................................... 228
2.121 Stabilization of 360° Videos ....................................................... 231
2.122 Stabilization of 360° Videos, improved ..................................... 236
2.123 Remap Video-in-Video with perspective filter .......................... 238
2.124 Image warping with displace filter ............................................. 240
2.125 Noise reduction ........................................................................... 245
2.126 -filter_complex_script ................................................................. 246
2.127 Time delay within a filter chain .................................................. 246
2.128 Recording one-time events with pre-trigger ............................ 247
2.129 Chroma subsampling, pixel formats of images or videos ....... 248
2.130 Automatic format conversions .................................................. 255
2.131 RGB Color Cube .......................................................................... 257
2.132 Convert RGB to HSV or HSL ...................................................... 261
2.133 Convert HSV to RGB ................................................................... 262
2.134 Video Codecs .............................................................................. 263
3
2.135 Keyframes .................................................................................... 264
2.136 Video codecs with alpha channel .............................................. 265
2.137 Metadata ...................................................................................... 266
2.138 Video filters "copy" and "null" ................................................... 267
2.139 Re-numbering images ................................................................ 267
2.140 Filenames for images ................................................................. 268
2.141 Create two-dimensional gradients ............................................. 269
2.142 Make spectrum images ............................................................... 270
2.143 Make an additive color mixing image ........................................ 281
2.144 Make a test image with shifted RGB channels ......................... 282
2.145 Redshift ....................................................................................... 283
2.146 SMPTE Color Bars ...................................................................... 285
2.147 Make many JPG test images ...................................................... 285
2.148 Make a grid video ........................................................................ 286
2.149 Make a chessboard video ........................................................... 286
2.150 Make a test video with audio ...................................................... 286
2.151 Make a noise video ..................................................................... 287
2.152 Make a grayscale test image ...................................................... 287
2.153 Pseudocolor filter ........................................................................ 288
2.154 Make a 10-bit test video with audio ........................................... 289
2.155 Test a filtergraph for 10-bit compatibility .................................. 289
2.156 Find an object in a video and hide it ......................................... 290
2.157 Find the coordinates of a moving object in a video ................ 291
2.158 Detect black frames and replace them by previous frame ...... 292
2.159 Image formats ............................................................................. 293
2.160 Image size limits ......................................................................... 294
2.161 CR2 and DNG Images ................................................................. 295
2.162 Colorspace .................................................................................. 297
2.163 Video sizes .................................................................................. 298
2.164 Editing videos from PanoView XDV360 fulldome camera ....... 299
2.165 Editing videos from the Kodak SP360_4K camera ................... 300
2.166 Postprocessing of real time videos of the night sky ............... 301
2.167 Workflow for night sky videos with GH5S ................................ 304
2.168 Combine many options and filters ............................................ 305
2.169 Timelapse example with masking, deflicker, rotation, fading . 306
2.170 Slow motion with Panasonic GH5S at 240fps .......................... 307
2.171 Create a light curve of a star occultation .................................. 309
2.172 Oscilloscope ................................................................................ 315
2.173 Vectorscope ................................................................................. 315
2.174 Capture a video from a webcam ................................................ 316
2.175 Capture video from the desktop or from a window ................. 317
2.176 Capture video and audio from a HDMI to USB converter ........ 318
2.177 Adding *.srt subtitles to a video ................................................. 322
2.178 Adding *.ass subtitles or credit files to a video ........................ 324
2.179 Removing subtitles ..................................................................... 325
2.180 frei0r ............................................................................................. 326
2.181 Mapping streams to the output (-map) ...................................... 326
2.182 Creating multiple outputs ........................................................... 326
2.183 Attaching a preview image to a video ....................................... 327
2.184 Timeline support ......................................................................... 329
2.185 Expression evaluation ................................................................ 340
2.186 Downloading videos from Facebook ........................................ 343
2.187 Uploading spherical 360 images to Facebook .......................... 343
2.188 Uploading videos to Facebook .................................................. 344
2.189 Downloading videos from Youtube ........................................... 344
2.190 Youtube recommended settings ................................................ 345
2.191 Streaming from FFmpeg to YouTube Live ................................ 346
2.192 Limiting FFmpeg's encoding speed to realtime ....................... 346
2.193 Hardware acceleration ................................................................ 347
2.194 FFmpeg console output ............................................................. 348
2.195 FFmpeg source code .................................................................. 348
2.196 FFmpeg: Suggestions for improvement ................................... 349
3 Audio processing with FFmpeg ............................................................. 367
3.1 Combine multiple audio files with crossfadings .......................... 367
3.2 Change audio volume ..................................................................... 368
3.3 Change audio sample rate and number of audio channels ......... 368
3.4 Change audio length, sample rate and/or pitch .......................... 369
3.5 Replace a segment of the audio stream by silence ..................... 370
3.6 Add an audio stream to a video, if no audio stream exists ......... 370
3.7 Stereo --> mix into one mono channel .......................................... 371
3.8 Check if both stereo channels are equal ...................................... 372
3.9 Check if two mono inputs are equal .............................................. 372
3.10 Extract one mono channel from stereo ....................................... 372
3.11 Stereo --> two mono channels ..................................................... 373
3.12 Mono --> stereo ............................................................................. 373
3.13 Two mono channels --> stereo ..................................................... 374
4
3.14 Mix two stereo channels to one stereo channel ......................... 374
3.15 Create a file with multiple audio streams .................................... 375
3.16 How to choose the correct audio volume level .......................... 375
3.17 Remove low frequencies (wind noise) from an audio track ...... 376
3.18 Remove silence from an audio stream ....................................... 376
3.19 Make a video from an audio file ................................................... 377
3.20 Convert ultrasound to the audible range, e.g. to hear bats ....... 378
3.21 Record sound with the computer's built-in microphone ........... 381
3.22 Record a "Voice-Over" audio track .............................................. 382
3.23 Passing the FFmpeg output to FFplay ........................................ 384
3.24 Record sound and pass the output to FFplay ........................... 384
3.25 Live ultrasound conversion ......................................................... 385
3.26 Extract the audio from a video ..................................................... 387
3.27 Split a video into audio-only and video-only .............................. 387
3.28 Synchronize audio with video ...................................................... 387
3.29 Sources for royalty-free music .................................................... 388
3.30 Sound effects, from frequency domain to time domain ............ 389
3.31 Gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers ................ 395
3.32 Create band-limited noise ............................................................ 399
3.33 Show the frequency response of a filter ..................................... 400
3.34 Make an audio file with a short test tone .................................... 401
3.35 Measuring the audio volume ........................................................ 401
3.36 Convert an audio waveform to a picture ..................................... 402
3.37 Optical sound effect ..................................................................... 408
3.38 Which equipment is useful for making sound records? ........... 409
3.39 Create an alternating left/right stereo sound .............................. 410
3.40 Comparison of Rode NT1 and NTG2 microphones .................... 411
3.41 Mathematical properties of sample rates 44100 and 48000 ....... 412
3.42 Speed of sound ............................................................................. 414
4 FFprobe ................................................................................................... 415
4.1 Count the number of frames .......................................................... 416
4.2 Find the keyframe timestamps ...................................................... 416
5 FFplay ...................................................................................................... 417
6 DaVinci Resolve 15 / 16 / 17 ................................................................... 419
6.1 Tutorials on Youtube ....................................................................... 420
6.2 Mouse buttons and keyboard shortcuts ....................................... 422
6.3 Preferences ..................................................................................... 424
6.4 Project settings ............................................................................... 425
6.5 Archive projects .............................................................................. 426
6.6 The "Media" page in DaVinci Resolve ........................................... 427
6.7 The "Cut" page in DaVinci Resolve ............................................... 428
6.8 The "Edit" page in DaVinci Resolve .............................................. 429
6.9 The "Fusion" page in DaVinci Resolve ......................................... 433
6.10 Add a new "MediaIn" node ........................................................... 434
6.11 Fusion Clips ................................................................................... 435
6.12 The "Color" page in DaVinci Resolve .......................................... 436
6.13 Corrector nodes in "Color" page ................................................. 438
6.14 Wipes ............................................................................................. 438
6.15 The "Deliver" page in DaVinci Resolve ....................................... 439
6.16 Day-for-Night ................................................................................. 439
6.17 Synchronize audio with video ...................................................... 440
6.18 Cutting on the beat of the music ................................................. 440
6.19 Video stabilization ........................................................................ 441
6.20 Processing of drone videos ......................................................... 441
6.21 Track an object .............................................................................. 442
6.22 Track and blur (or pixelize) an object .......................................... 445
6.23 Track an object and cover it by a colored rectangle .................. 446
6.24 Track an object and cover it by an image ................................... 447
6.25 Track an object and corner pin an image .................................... 448
6.26 Overlay text ................................................................................... 449
6.27 Color matching .............................................................................. 450
6.28 Generate a LUT ............................................................................. 451
6.29 Apply a look-up-table to a clip ..................................................... 451
6.30 Special effects ............................................................................... 452
6.31 Alpha masking ............................................................................... 456
6.32 Qualifier ......................................................................................... 457
6.33 Exclude two regions from a mask ............................................... 458
6.34 Snowfall ......................................................................................... 459
6.35 Polyline toolbar ............................................................................. 460
6.36 Artificial lightning .......................................................................... 461
6.37 Adjustment clips ........................................................................... 463
6.38 Trails .............................................................................................. 464
6.39 Fog Effect ...................................................................................... 465
6.40 Explosion effect ............................................................................ 466
6.41 Bluescreen / greenscreen ............................................................ 468
6.42 3D Effects ...................................................................................... 469
5
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