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There are many applications of the Internet that require the creation and management of a session, where a session is considered an exchange of data between an association of participants. The implementation of these applications is complicated by the practices of participants: users may move between endpoints, they may be addressable by multiple names, and they may communicate in several different media - sometimes simultaneously. ### SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) – RFC 3261 #### 概述 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)，即会话发起协议，是互联网工程任务组（IETF）定义的一种应用层控制协议，用于创建、修改和终止多媒体通信会话（如语音和视频通话）。RFC 3261 是 SIP 的主要规范文档，定义了 SIP 协议的基本语法、消息格式和处理规则。本篇将基于 RFC 3261 的核心内容，详细介绍 SIP 协议的关键特性及其在网络通信中的应用场景。 #### 会话管理的重要性在互联网中，很多应用程序都需要创建和管理会话，其中会话可以被视为参与者之间数据交换的过程。随着技术的发展，用户可能会在不同的终端间移动，且可以通过多种名称进行寻址，并支持多种媒体格式同时通信。这些因素使得实现此类应用变得复杂。SIP 作为一种强大的工具，能够有效地解决这些问题，确保高质量的多媒体通信。 #### SIP 协议的关键概念 - **会话**: SIP 中的会话是指两个或多个参与者之间的通信过程。 - **端点**: 参与 SIP 会话的实体，如电话、计算机等。 - **代理服务器**: 负责转发 SIP 请求到正确的目的地。 - **重定向服务器**: 在无法直接连接到目标端点时，提供替代路由信息。 - **注册服务器**: 用户向其注册以便其他参与者可以通过该服务器找到他们。 - **邀请请求**: 用来发起一个新的会话或者邀请新成员加入现有会话的消息类型。 - **应答消息**: 对邀请请求的响应，表明接受或拒绝会话。 - **注册流程**: 用户通过向注册服务器发送注册请求来更新其联系信息的过程。 #### SIP 协议的结构 - **基本消息**: 包括 INVITE、ACK、BYE、CANCEL、OPTIONS 和 REGISTER 等。 - **头字段**: 用于携带各种附加信息，如呼叫者身份、地址等。 - **事务**: SIP 使用事务机制来跟踪每个请求及其响应的状态。 - **对话**: 一系列 SIP 请求和响应构成的一个逻辑单元，通常由一个 INVITE 请求开始并以一个 BYE 请求结束。 #### SIP 在不同场景下的应用 - **VoIP 电话系统**: SIP 最常见的应用场景之一，支持企业内部及外部的语音通信。 - **视频会议**: SIP 协议可用于建立多方参与的视频会议。 - **即时消息**: 除了语音和视频，SIP 还支持文本消息传输。 - **多媒体会议**: 支持集成音频、视频和数据共享等多种功能的综合会议系统。 #### SIP 的扩展性与灵活性 SIP 的设计充分考虑了未来需求的变化，因此具备很强的可扩展性和灵活性。它允许通过扩展头部字段来添加新的功能，例如： - **消息体**: 可以包含任何类型的数据，例如 SDP 描述会话的媒体属性。 - **事件通知**: 通过 SUBSCRIBE 和 NOTIFY 方法支持对会话状态变化的订阅。 - **身份验证**: 支持多种安全机制，如认证头字段和 TLS 加密。 #### 结论 SIP 作为一种开放标准协议，为构建多媒体通信系统提供了强大的基础。它的出现极大地促进了 VoIP 技术的发展，使人们能够轻松享受高质量的语音和视频通信服务。随着技术的进步，SIP 也将继续发展和完善，以适应更多复杂的应用场景。

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

June 2002

[ Page 1 ]

RFC: 3261

Network Working Group J. Rosenberg

Request for Comments: 3261 dynamicsoft

Obsoletes: 2543 H. Schulzrinne

Category: Standards Track Columbia U.

G. Camarillo

Ericsson

A. Johnston

WorldCom

J. Peterson

Neustar

R. Sparks

dynamicsoft

M. Handley

ICIR

E. Schooler

AT&T

June 2002

SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

June 2002

[ Page 2 ]

Status of this Memo

This document species an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests

discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Ofcial

Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this

memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This document describes Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), an application-layer control (signaling) protocol

for creating, modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants. These sessions include

Internet telephone calls, multimedia distribution, and multimedia conferences.

SIP invitations used to create sessions carry session descriptions that allow participants to agree on a set of

compatible media types. SIP makes use of elements called proxy servers to help route requests to the user's

current location, authenticate and authorize users for services, implement provider call-routing policies,

and provide features to users. SIP also provides a registration function that allows users to upload their cur-

rent locations for use by proxy servers. SIP runs on top of several different transport protocols.

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

June 2002

[ Page 3 ]

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ..................................................................................................10

2 Overview of SIP Functionality ....................................................................10

3 Terminology .................................................................................................11

4 Overview of Operation ................................................................................11

5 Structure of the Protocol ..............................................................................15

6 Denitions ....................................................................................................16

7 SIP Messages ...............................................................................................19

7.1 Requests ...............................................................................................20

7.2 Responses .............................................................................................20

7.3 Header Fields .......................................................................................21

7.3.1 Header Field Format .........................................................................21

7.3.2 Header Field Classication ...............................................................23

7.3.3 Compact Form ...................................................................................23

7.4 Bodies ...................................................................................................23

7.4.1 Message Body Type ..........................................................................23

7.4.2 Message Body Length .......................................................................23

7.5 Framing SIP Messages .........................................................................23

8 General User Agent Behavior ......................................................................24

8.1 UAC Behavior ......................................................................................24

8.1.1 Generating the Request .....................................................................24

8.1.1.1 Request-URI ...................................................................................24

8.1.1.2 To ....................................................................................................24

8.1.1.3 From ...............................................................................................25

8.1.1.4 Call-ID ............................................................................................25

8.1.1.5 CSeq ...............................................................................................26

8.1.1.6 Max-Forwards ................................................................................26

8.1.1.7 Via ..................................................................................................26

8.1.1.8 Contact ...........................................................................................27

8.1.1.9 Supported and Require ...................................................................27

8.1.1.10 Additional Message Components .................................................27

8.1.2 Sending the Request ..........................................................................27

8.1.3 Processing Responses

........................................................................28

8.1.3.1 Transaction Layer Errors ................................................................

8.1.3.2 Unrecognized Responses ...............................................................28

8.1.3.3 Vias .................................................................................................28

8.1.3.4 Processing 3xx Responses ..............................................................28

8.1.3.5 Processing 4xx Responses

..............................................................29

8.2 UAS Behavior ......................................................................................30

8.2.1 Method Inspection .............................................................................30

8.2.2 Header Inspection ..............................................................................30

8.2.2.1 To and Request-URI .......................................................................30

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

June 2002

[ Page 4 ]

8.2.2.2 Merged Requests ............................................................................31

8.2.2.3 Require ...........................................................................................31

8.2.3 Content Processing ............................................................................31

8.2.4 Applying Extensions .........................................................................32

8.2.5 Processing the Request ......................................................................32

8.2.6 Generating the Response ...................................................................32

8.2.6.1 Sending a Provisional Response ....................................................32

8.2.6.2 Headers and Tags ...........................................................................32

8.2.7 Stateless UAS Behavior ....................................................................32

8.3 Redirect Servers ...................................................................................33

9 Canceling a Request .....................................................................................34

9.1 Client Behavior ....................................................................................34

9.2 Server Behavior ....................................................................................35

10 Registrations ..............................................................................................35

10.1 Overview ............................................................................................35

10.2 Constructing the REGISTER Request ...............................................36

10.2.1 Adding Bindings ..............................................................................37

10.2.1.1 Setting the Expiration Interval of Contact Addresses ..................38

10.2.1.2 Preferences among Contact Addresses .........................................38

10.2.2 Removing Bindings .........................................................................38

10.2.3 Fetching Bindings ...........................................................................38

10.2.4 Refreshing Bindings ........................................................................38

10.2.5 Setting the Internal Clock ................................................................39

10.2.6 Discovering a Registrar ...................................................................39

10.2.7 Transmitting a Request ....................................................................39

10.2.8 Error Responses ..............................................................................39

10.3 Processing REGISTER Requests .......................................................39

11 Querying for Capabilities ...........................................................................41

11.1 Construction of OPTIONS Request ...................................................41

11.2 Processing of OPTIONS Request ......................................................42

12 Dialogs .......................................................................................................42

12.1 Creation of a Dialog ...........................................................................43

12.1.1 UAS behavior ..................................................................................43

12.1.2 UAC Behavior .................................................................................44

12.2 Requests within a Dialog ...................................................................44

12.2.1 UAC Behavior .................................................................................44

12.2.1.1 Generating the Request ................................................................44

12.2.1.2 Processing the Responses .............................................................46

12.2.2 UAS Behavior .................................................................................46

12.3 Termination of a Dialog .....................................................................47

13 Initiating a Session .....................................................................................47

13.1 Overview ............................................................................................47

13.2 UAC Processing .................................................................................47

13.2.1 Creating the Initial INVITE ............................................................47

13.2.2 Processing INVITE Responses .......................................................49

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SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

June 2002

[ Page 5 ]

13.2.2.1 1xx Responses ..............................................................................49

13.2.2.2 3xx Responses ..............................................................................49

13.2.2.3 4xx, 5xx and 6xx Responses ........................................................49

13.2.2.4 2xx Responses ..............................................................................49

13.3 UAS Processing .................................................................................50

13.3.1 Processing of the INVITE ...............................................................50

13.3.1.1 Progress ........................................................................................50

13.3.1.2 The INVITE is Redirected ...........................................................51

13.3.1.3 The INVITE is Rejected ...............................................................51

13.3.1.4 The INVITE is Accepted ..............................................................51

14 Modifying an Existing Session ..................................................................51

14.1 UAC Behavior ....................................................................................52

14.2 UAS Behavior ....................................................................................53

15 Terminating a Session ................................................................................53

15.1 Terminating a Session with a BYE Request .......................................54

15.1.1 UAC Behavior .................................................................................54

15.1.2 UAS Behavior .................................................................................54

16 Proxy Behavior ..........................................................................................54

16.1 Overview ............................................................................................54

16.2 Stateful Proxy .....................................................................................55

16.3 Request Validation .............................................................................56

16.4 Route Information Preprocessing .......................................................57

16.5 Determining Request Targets .............................................................58

16.6 Request Forwarding ...........................................................................59

16.7 Response Processing ..........................................................................63

16.8 Processing Timer C ............................................................................67

16.9 Handling Transport Errors ..................................................................67

16.10 CANCEL Processing ........................................................................67

16.11 Stateless Proxy .................................................................................67

16.12 Summary of Proxy Route Processing ..............................................68

16.12.1 Examples .......................................................................................69

16.12.1.1 Basic SIP Trapezoid ...................................................................69

16.12.1.2 Traversing a Strict-Routing Proxy ..............................................70

16.12.1.3 Rewriting Record-Route Header Field Values ............................71

17 Transactions ...............................................................................................71

17.1 Client Transaction ..............................................................................72

17.1.1 INVITE Client Transaction .............................................................72

17.1.1.1 Overview of INVITE Transaction ................................................73

17.1.1.2 Formal Description .......................................................................73

17.1.1.3 Construction of the ACK Request ................................................74

17.1.2 Non-INVITE Client Transaction .....................................................75

17.1.2.1 Overview of the non-INVITE Transaction ..................................75

17.1.2.2 Formal Description .......................................................................75

17.1.3 Matching Responses to Client Transactions ...................................76

17.1.4 Handling Transport Errors................................................................76

17.2 Server Transaction ..............................................................................77

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#完美解决问题
#运行顺畅
#内容详尽
#全网独家
#注释完整

racecondition

2012-05-04

是英文版的RFC 3261 ，内容上没什么可说的都是标准文档，就是边框有广告。
haiross

2013-01-23

看着英文理解着容易点感觉中文的译文太差了
ddxxaqzsh

2013-09-02

英文对于我还是挺困难的，但是还是很认真的学，希望能学到东西！
神一样的对友

2013-05-14

不错的东西，要学好英文啊。

sang110

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