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Network Working Group J. Rosenberg

Request for Comments: 3261 dynamicsoft

Obsoletes: 2543 H. Schulzrinne

Category: Standards Track Columbia U.

G. Camarillo

Ericsson

A. Johnston

WorldCom

J. Peterson

Neustar

R. Sparks

dynamicsoft

M. Handley

ICIR

E. Schooler

AT&T

June 2002

SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

Status of this Memo

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the

Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for

improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet

Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state

and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Abstract

This document describes Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), an

application-layer control (signaling) protocol for creating,

modifying, and terminating sessions with one or more participants.

These sessions include Internet telephone calls, multimedia

distribution, and multimedia conferences.

SIP invitations used to create sessions carry session descriptions

that allow participants to agree on a set of compatible media types.

SIP makes use of elements called proxy servers to help route requests

to the user’s current location, authenticate and authorize users for

services, implement provider call-routing policies, and provide

features to users. SIP also provides a registration function that

allows users to upload their current locations for use by proxy

servers. SIP runs on top of several different transport protocols.

Rosenberg, et. al. Standards Track [Page 1]

RFC 3261 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol June 2002

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ........................................ 8

2 Overview of SIP Functionality ....................... 9

3 Terminology ......................................... 10

4 Overview of Operation ............................... 10

5 Structure of the Protocol ........................... 18

6 Definitions ......................................... 20

7 SIP Messages ........................................ 26

7.1 Requests ............................................ 27

7.2 Responses ........................................... 28

7.3 Header Fields ....................................... 29

7.3.1 Header Field Format ................................. 30

7.3.2 Header Field Classification ......................... 32

7.3.3 Compact Form ........................................ 32

7.4 Bodies .............................................. 33

7.4.1 Message Body Type ................................... 33

7.4.2 Message Body Length ................................. 33

7.5 Framing SIP Messages ................................ 34

8 General User Agent Behavior ......................... 34

8.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 35

8.1.1 Generating the Request .............................. 35

8.1.1.1 Request-URI ......................................... 35

8.1.1.2 To .................................................. 36

8.1.1.3 From ................................................ 37

8.1.1.4 Call-ID ............................................. 37

8.1.1.5 CSeq ................................................ 38

8.1.1.6 Max-Forwards ........................................ 38

8.1.1.7 Via ................................................. 39

8.1.1.8 Contact ............................................. 40

8.1.1.9 Supported and Require ............................... 40

8.1.1.10 Additional Message Components ....................... 41

8.1.2 Sending the Request ................................. 41

8.1.3 Processing Responses ................................ 42

8.1.3.1 Transaction Layer Errors ............................ 42

8.1.3.2 Unrecognized Responses .............................. 42

8.1.3.3 Vias ................................................ 43

8.1.3.4 Processing 3xx Responses ............................ 43

8.1.3.5 Processing 4xx Responses ............................ 45

8.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 46

8.2.1 Method Inspection ................................... 46

8.2.2 Header Inspection ................................... 46

8.2.2.1 To and Request-URI .................................. 46

8.2.2.2 Merged Requests ..................................... 47

8.2.2.3 Require ............................................. 47

8.2.3 Content Processing .................................. 48

8.2.4 Applying Extensions ................................. 49

8.2.5 Processing the Request .............................. 49

Rosenberg, et. al. Standards Track [Page 2]

RFC 3261 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol June 2002

8.2.6 Generating the Response ............................. 49

8.2.6.1 Sending a Provisional Response ...................... 49

8.2.6.2 Headers and Tags .................................... 50

8.2.7 Stateless UAS Behavior .............................. 50

8.3 Redirect Servers .................................... 51

9 Canceling a Request ................................. 53

9.1 Client Behavior ..................................... 53

9.2 Server Behavior ..................................... 55

10 Registrations ....................................... 56

10.1 Overview ............................................ 56

10.2 Constructing the REGISTER Request ................... 57

10.2.1 Adding Bindings ..................................... 59

10.2.1.1 Setting the Expiration Interval of Contact Addresses 60

10.2.1.2 Preferences among Contact Addresses ................. 61

10.2.2 Removing Bindings ................................... 61

10.2.3 Fetching Bindings ................................... 61

10.2.4 Refreshing Bindings ................................. 61

10.2.5 Setting the Internal Clock .......................... 62

10.2.6 Discovering a Registrar ............................. 62

10.2.7 Transmitting a Request .............................. 62

10.2.8 Error Responses ..................................... 63

10.3 Processing REGISTER Requests ........................ 63

11 Querying for Capabilities ........................... 66

11.1 Construction of OPTIONS Request ..................... 67

11.2 Processing of OPTIONS Request ....................... 68

12 Dialogs ............................................. 69

12.1 Creation of a Dialog ................................ 70

12.1.1 UAS behavior ........................................ 70

12.1.2 UAC Behavior ........................................ 71

12.2 Requests within a Dialog ............................ 72

12.2.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 73

12.2.1.1 Generating the Request .............................. 73

12.2.1.2 Processing the Responses ............................ 75

12.2.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 76

12.3 Termination of a Dialog ............................. 77

13 Initiating a Session ................................ 77

13.1 Overview ............................................ 77

13.2 UAC Processing ...................................... 78

13.2.1 Creating the Initial INVITE ......................... 78

13.2.2 Processing INVITE Responses ......................... 81

13.2.2.1 1xx Responses ....................................... 81

13.2.2.2 3xx Responses ....................................... 81

13.2.2.3 4xx, 5xx and 6xx Responses .......................... 81

13.2.2.4 2xx Responses ....................................... 82

13.3 UAS Processing ...................................... 83

13.3.1 Processing of the INVITE ............................ 83

13.3.1.1 Progress ............................................ 84

13.3.1.2 The INVITE is Redirected ............................ 84

Rosenberg, et. al. Standards Track [Page 3]

RFC 3261 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol June 2002

13.3.1.3 The INVITE is Rejected .............................. 85

13.3.1.4 The INVITE is Accepted .............................. 85

14 Modifying an Existing Session ....................... 86

14.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 86

14.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 88

15 Terminating a Session ............................... 89

15.1 Terminating a Session with a BYE Request ............ 90

15.1.1 UAC Behavior ........................................ 90

15.1.2 UAS Behavior ........................................ 91

16 Proxy Behavior ...................................... 91

16.1 Overview ............................................ 91

16.2 Stateful Proxy ...................................... 92

16.3 Request Validation .................................. 94

16.4 Route Information Preprocessing ..................... 96

16.5 Determining Request Targets ......................... 97

16.6 Request Forwarding .................................. 99

16.7 Response Processing ................................. 107

16.8 Processing Timer C .................................. 114

16.9 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 115

16.10 CANCEL Processing ................................... 115

16.11 Stateless Proxy ..................................... 116

16.12 Summary of Proxy Route Processing ................... 118

16.12.1 Examples ............................................ 118

16.12.1.1 Basic SIP Trapezoid ................................. 118

16.12.1.2 Traversing a Strict-Routing Proxy ................... 120

16.12.1.3 Rewriting Record-Route Header Field Values .......... 121

17 Transactions ........................................ 122

17.1 Client Transaction .................................. 124

17.1.1 INVITE Client Transaction ........................... 125

17.1.1.1 Overview of INVITE Transaction ...................... 125

17.1.1.2 Formal Description .................................. 125

17.1.1.3 Construction of the ACK Request ..................... 129

17.1.2 Non-INVITE Client Transaction ....................... 130

17.1.2.1 Overview of the non-INVITE Transaction .............. 130

17.1.2.2 Formal Description .................................. 131

17.1.3 Matching Responses to Client Transactions ........... 132

17.1.4 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 133

17.2 Server Transaction .................................. 134

17.2.1 INVITE Server Transaction ........................... 134

17.2.2 Non-INVITE Server Transaction ....................... 137

17.2.3 Matching Requests to Server Transactions ............ 138

17.2.4 Handling Transport Errors ........................... 141

18 Transport ........................................... 141

18.1 Clients ............................................. 142

18.1.1 Sending Requests .................................... 142

18.1.2 Receiving Responses ................................. 144

18.2 Servers ............................................. 145

18.2.1 Receiving Requests .................................. 145

Rosenberg, et. al. Standards Track [Page 4]

RFC 3261 SIP: Session Initiation Protocol June 2002

18.2.2 Sending Responses ................................... 146

18.3 Framing ............................................. 147

18.4 Error Handling ...................................... 147

19 Common Message Components ........................... 147

19.1 SIP and SIPS Uniform Resource Indicators ............ 148

19.1.1 SIP and SIPS URI Components ......................... 148

19.1.2 Character Escaping Requirements ..................... 152

19.1.3 Example SIP and SIPS URIs ........................... 153

19.1.4 URI Comparison ...................................... 153

19.1.5 Forming Requests from a URI ......................... 156

19.1.6 Relating SIP URIs and tel URLs ...................... 157

19.2 Option Tags ......................................... 158

19.3 Tags ................................................ 159

20 Header Fields ....................................... 159

20.1 Accept .............................................. 161

20.2 Accept-Encoding ..................................... 163

20.3 Accept-Language ..................................... 164

20.4 Alert-Info .......................................... 164

20.5 Allow ............................................... 165

20.6 Authentication-Info ................................. 165

20.7 Authorization ....................................... 165

20.8 Call-ID ............................................. 166

20.9 Call-Info ........................................... 166

20.10 Contact ............................................. 167

20.11 Content-Disposition ................................. 168

20.12 Content-Encoding .................................... 169

20.13 Content-Language .................................... 169

20.14 Content-Length ...................................... 169

20.15 Content-Type ........................................ 170

20.16 CSeq ................................................ 170

20.17 Date ................................................ 170

20.18 Error-Info .......................................... 171

20.19 Expires ............................................. 171

20.20 From ................................................ 172

20.21 In-Reply-To ......................................... 172

20.22 Max-Forwards ........................................ 173

20.23 Min-Expires ......................................... 173

20.24 MIME-Version ........................................ 173

20.25 Organization ........................................ 174

20.26 Priority ............................................ 174

20.27 Proxy-Authenticate .................................. 174

20.28 Proxy-Authorization ................................. 175

20.29 Proxy-Require ....................................... 175

20.30 Record-Route ........................................ 175

20.31 Reply-To ............................................ 176

20.32 Require ............................................. 176

20.33 Retry-After ......................................... 176

20.34 Route ............................................... 177

Rosenberg, et. al. Standards Track [Page 5]

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