Surveying and Mapping May 2018
Table of Contents 5-i
Chapter 5 – SURVEYING AND MAPPING
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 5-1
5.1.1 Surveying and Mapping Functions and Programs ........................................ 5-1
5.1.2 Authority and Administration ......................................................................... 5-2
5.1.3 Safety ........................................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 GUIDANCE AND REFERENCES .................................................................................. 5-4
5.3 SURVEY PLANNING ..................................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.1 Survey Datum ............................................................................................... 5-6
5.3.1.1 Horizontal Datum .................................................................. 5-6
5.3.1.2 Vertical Datum ...................................................................... 5-8
5.3.1.3 Coordinate Projections .......................................................... 5-8
5.3.1.4 Coordinate System Scale Factors ........................................ 5-9
5.3.2 Survey Standards ....................................................................................... 5-11
5.3.2.1 Accuracy and Precision ...................................................... 5-11
5.3.2.2 Errors .................................................................................. 5-12
5.3.2.3 Control Survey Accuracy Classifications............................. 5-13
5.3.2.4 Mapping Accuracy Classification ........................................ 5-14
5.3.2.5 Units of Measurement ......................................................... 5-15
5.3.2.6 Monumentation Standards .................................................. 5-17
5.4 FIELD DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING ....................................................... 5-18
5.4.1 Control Surveys .......................................................................................... 5-18
5.4.1.1 Horizontal and Vertical Control ........................................... 5-18
5.4.1.2 GPS- Derived Orthometric Heights ..................................... 5-19
5.4.1.3 Terrestrial Surveys .............................................................. 5-19
5.4.1.4 Global Positioning System (GPS) ....................................... 5-20
5.4.1.5 Network Adjustments .......................................................... 5-22
5.4.2 Topogr
aphic Surveys - Aerial ..................................................................... 5-22
5.4.2.1 Flight Planning .................................................................... 5-23
5.4.2.2 Ground Control ................................................................... 5-24
5.4.2.3 LiDAR Mapping ................................................................... 5-24
5.4.3 Photogrammetry ......................................................................................... 5-27
5.4.3.1 Photogrammetric Processes ............................................... 5-27
5.4.3.2 Aerial Photography ............................................................. 5-28
5.4.3.3 Aerotriangulation ................................................................. 5-29
5.4.3.4 Digital Terrain Compilation .................................................. 5-30
5.4.4 Topographic Surveys - Terrestrial .............................................................. 5-30
5.4.4.1 Terrain Surface Depiction ................................................... 5-31
5.4.4.2 Feature Location and Attributes .......................................... 5-32
5.4.4.3 Floodplain Mapping ............................................................. 5-32
5.4.4.4 Bridge Site and Tributary Surveys ...................................... 5-33
5.4.4.5 Subsurface Utility Location ................................................. 5-33
5.4.4.6 Railroad-Highway Grade Crossings .................................... 5-33
5.4.4.7 Data Processing/Map Compilation ...................................... 5-34
5.4.5 Right-of-Way and Cadastral Surveys ......................................................... 5-34
5.4.5.1 Records Research .............................................................. 5-35