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国际劳工组织-2021年世界就业和社会展望(英文)-20212-283页.pdf
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国际劳工组织-2021年世界就业和社会展望(英文)-20212-283页.pdf
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ILO Flagship Report
2021
The role of digital labour
platforms in transforming
the world of work
X
World Employment
and Social Outlook
International Labour Oce
•
Geneva
World Employment
and Social Outlook
The role of digital labour
platforms in transforming
the world of work
2021
X
Produced by the Publications Production Unit (PRODOC) of the ILO.
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in an environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner.
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Copyright © International Labour Organization 2021
First published 2021
Publications of the International Labour Oce enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright
Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condi-
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World Employment and Social Outlook 2021: The role of digital labour platforms
in transforming the world of work
International Labour Oce – Geneva: ILO, 2021.
1 v
ISBN 978-92-2-031944-4 (print)
ISBN 978-92-2-031941-3 (web PDF)
ISBN 978-92-2-031942-0 (EPUB)
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employment / unemployment / labour policy / labour market analysis /
economic and social development / future of work / technological change / electronic network /
EDP personnel / business economics / working conditions / labour force survey / digital economy /
digital labour platforms
13.01.3
Photo credits
Cover: © luza studios on gettyimages.com
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Chapter 1: © Dean Mitchell on iStock.com
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Chapter 3: © Photo by Standsome Worklifestyle on Unsplash
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The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and
the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
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authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers.
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with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Oce
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Reference to names of rms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement
by the International Labour Oce, and any failure to mention a particular rm, commercial product or
process is not a sign of disapproval.
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ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data
3
Technological innovation is transforming every part of our lives. The ability to
quickly and cheaply exchange large amounts of data and information has laid the
foundations for the rise of the digital economy and digital labour platforms. In both
developed and developing countries businesses and consumers have embraced
this transformation, as services and goods are delivered in ways that are cheaper
and more convenient. Digital labour platforms are now part of our everyday lives.
This transformation extends to the world of work. Digital labour platforms oer new
markets for businesses and more income-generating opportunities for workers,
including those who were previously outside the labour market. Such platforms are
leading to changes not just to the organization of enterprises and work processes
but in many cases to the relationship between workers and businesses as well.
It is widely considered that the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated changes that
were already under way, both in society and at work. These include the expanded use
of digital platforms and related technological innovations like cloud computing and
the use of big data and algorithms. The result has been innovative ways of working,
and exibility for both workers and businesses. The remote working arrangements
adopted by many during the past year have brought a rise in e-commerce, e-services
and online freelance work. For many who lost their jobs, in both developing and de-
veloped countries, digital labour platforms have oered opportunities to earn some
income. Many businesses have relied on digital labour platforms to keep operating,
reach new markets and reduce costs.
But there are challenges. This new business model allows platforms to organize work
without having to invest in capital assets or to hire employees. Instead, they mediate
between the workers who perform the tasks and clients, and manage the entire
work process with algorithms. Workers on digital labour platforms often struggle to
nd sucient well-paid work to earn a decent income, creating a danger of working
poverty. Many do not have access to social protection, which is particularly con-
cerning during a pandemic. They are frequently unable to engage in the collective
bargaining that would allow them to have these and other issues addressed.
This report is the rst major attempt by the ILO to capture the experiences of workers
and businesses with digital labour platforms. It is based on surveys and interviews
with 12,000 workers in 100 countries, and with 70 businesses, 16 platform companies
and 14 platform worker associations operating in multiple sectors and countries.
Preface
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