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计算机操作系统实验教程.pdf
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目 录
目 录 ···········································································································I
一、系统命令接口(一) ··················································································· 1
1.1 实验目
的······················································································ 1
1.2 预备知
识······················································································ 1
1.3 实验内
容······················································································ 2
1.4 实验指
导······················································································ 2
二、系统命令接口(二) ··················································································· 5
2.1 实验目
的······················································································ 5
2.2 预备知
识······················································································ 5
2.3 实验内
容······················································································ 5
2.4 实验指
导······················································································ 6
三、进程创建(一) ························································································· 8
3.1 实验目
的······················································································ 8
3.2 预备知
识······················································································ 8
3.3 实验内
容·····················································································13
3.4 实验指
导·····················································································13
四、进程创建(二) ························································································14
4.1 实验目
的·····················································································14
4.2 预备知
识·····················································································14
4.3 实验内
容·····················································································15
4.4 实验指
导·····················································································15
4.5 参考源
代码··················································································16
五、管道通信··································································································17
5.1 实验目
的·····················································································17
5.2 预备知
识·····················································································17
5.3 实验内
容·····················································································18
5.4 实验指
导·····················································································18
5.5 参考源
代码··················································································19
六、进程调度··································································································21
6.1 实验目
的·····················································································21
6.2 预备知
识·····················································································21
6.3 实验内
容·····················································································21
6.4 实验指
导·····················································································21
6.5 参考源
代码··················································································24
七、页面置换算法····························································································28
7.1 实验目
的·····················································································28
7.2 预备知
识·····················································································28
7.3 实验内
容·····················································································28
7.4 实验指
导·····················································································29
7.5 参考源
代码··················································································33
I
II
八、文件系统调用····························································································39
8.1 实验目
的·····················································································39
8.2 预备知
识·····················································································39
8.3 实验内
容·····················································································39
8.4 实验指
导·····················································································39
8.5 参考源
代码··················································································42
参考文献········································································································44
一、系统命令接口(一)
1.1 实验目的
通过实际操作,了解 Linux 环境下的系统命令接口。
掌握系统启动和退出操作命令。
掌握基本的文件和目录操作命令。
1.2 预备知识
Linux 是一套免费使用和自由传播的类 Unix 操作系统,它主要用于基于 Intel x86 系列
CPU 的计算机上。这个系统是由全世界各地的成千上万的程序员设计和实现的。
Linux 的出现,最早开始于一位名叫 Linus Torvalds 的计算机业余爱好者,当时他是芬
兰赫尔辛基大学的学生。他的目的是想设计一个代替 Minix(是由一位名叫 Andrew
Tannebaum 的计算机教授编写的一个操作系统示教程序)的操作系统,这个操作系统可用于
386、486 或奔腾处理器的个人计算机上,并且具有 Unix 操作系统的全部功能,因而开始了
Linux 雏形的设计。
Linux 以高效性和灵活性著称。它能够在 PC 计算机上实现全部的 Unix 特性,具有多任
务、多用户的能力。Linux 是在 GNU 公共许可权限下免费获得的,是一个符合 POSIX 标准
的操作系统。Linux 操作系统软件包不仅包括完整的 Linux 操作系统,而且还包括了文本编
辑器、高级语言编译器等应用软件。它还包括带有多个窗口管理器的 X-Windows 图形用户
界面,如同我们使用 Windows NT 一样,允许我们使用窗口、图标和菜单对系统进行操作。
Linux 一般有四个主要部分:内核、Shell、文件结构和实用工具。
1. Linux 内核
内核是系统的心脏,是运行程序和管理像磁盘和打印机等硬件设备的核心程序。它从用
户那里接受命令并把命令送给内核去执行。
2. Linux Shell
Shell 是系统的用户界面,提供了用户与内核进行交互操作的一种接口。它接收用户输
入的命令并把它送入内核去执行。
实际上 Shell 是一个命令解释器,它解释由用户输入的命令并且把它们送到内核。不仅
如此,Shell 有自己的编程语言用于对命令的编辑,它允许用户编写由 shell 命令组成的程序。
Shell 编程语言具有普通编程语言的很多特点,比如它也有循环结构和分支控制结构等,用
这种编程语言编写的 Shell 程序与其他应用程序具有同样的效果。
Linux 提供了像 Microsoft Windows 那样的可视的命令输入界面--X Window 的图形用户
界面(GUI)。它提供了很多窗口管理器,其操作就象 Windows 一样,有窗口、图标和菜单,
所有的管理都是通过鼠标控制。现在比较流行的窗口管理器是 KDE 和 GNOME。
每个 Li
nux 系统的用户可以拥有他自己的用户界面或 Shell,用以满足他们自己专门的
Shell 需要。
同 Linux 本身一样,Shell 也有多种不同的版本。目前主要有下列版本的 Shell:
1
Bourne Shell:是贝尔实验室开发的。
BASH:是 GNU 的 Bourne Again Shell,是 GNU 操作系统上默认的 shell。
Korn Shell:是对 Bourne SHell 的发展,在大部分内容上与 Bourne Shell 兼容。
C Shell:是 SUN 公司 Shell 的 BSD 版本。
3. Linux 文件结构
文件结构是文件存放在磁盘等存储设备上的组织方法。主要体现在对文件和目录的组织
上。目录提供了管理文件的一个方便而有效的途径。我们能够从一个目录切换到另一个目录,
而且可以设置目录和文件的权限,设置文件的共享程度。
使用 Linux,用户可以设置目录和文件的权限,以便允许或拒绝其他人对其进行访问。
Linux 目录采用多级树形结构,图 1.1 表示了这种树形等级结构。用户可以浏览整个系统,
可以进入任何一个已授权进入的目录,访问那里的文件。
文件结构的相互关联性使共享数据变得容易,几个用户可以访问同一个文件。Linux 是
一个多用户系统,操作系统本身的驻留程序存放在以根目录开始的专用目录中,有时被指定
为系统目录。图 1.1 中那些根目录下的目录就是系统目录。
4. Linux 实用工具
标准的 Linux 系统都有一套叫做实用工具的程序,它们是专门的程序,例如编辑器、执
行标准的计算操作等。用户也可以产生自己的工具。
1.3 实验内容
1、启动 Linux 系统
2、文件和目录操作命令 ls、cd、mkdir、rmdir、cat、cp、rm
3、退出系统命令 shutdown
1.4 实验指导
1、启动 Linux 系统
启动 Linux 系统只需要直接加电就可以,在进入系统前需要输入用户的帐号和密码。
2
Linux 系统中有两种帐号:root(供系统管理员使用)和普通用户(普通用户使用)。
登录步骤分为两步:
(1)输入用户的登录名
(2)输入用户的口令
当用户正确输入用户名和密码后,就能合法地进入系统。
例:ma
n ls
使用方法: man [命令]
按空格键或 pagedown 键翻页
退出 man 帮助使用 q 键
Linux 系统 man 帮助命令说明:
2、文件和目
录操作命令
显示目录内容 ls 命令
说明:对于每个目录,该命令列出其中所有的子目录与文件;对于每个文件,该命令输
出文件名及其所要求的其他信息;当没有给出目录名或文件名时,则显示当前目录的信息。
命令格式 ls [选项] [目录或文件]
选项含义:使用 man ls (使用 q 键退出!)
例:以长格式显示当前目录中所有文件的详细信息 ls -l
注:-后面的参数是小写的字母 L。
改变工作目录 cd 命令
说明:该命令将当前工作目录改变至[路径]所指定的目录。若没有指定[路径],则回到
用户的主目录。
命令格式 cd [路径]
选项含义:使用 man 帮助
例:返回上一级目录 cd ..
进入子目录 cd xh
说明:Linux 下路径使用“/”表示,如“/home/user/xh”的形式。
创建目录 mkdir 命令
说明:该命令创建一个由 dir-name 命名的目录。dir-name 不能是当前目录中已有的目录
或文件名
命令格式 mkdir [选项] dir-name
选项含义:使用 man 帮助
例:在当前目录下建立默认权限并且名字为 student 的子目录 mkdir student
删除目录 rmdir 命令(只能删除空目录)
说明:dir-name 表示目录名。使用该命令可以从某个目录中删除一个或多个子目录项。
需要注意,一个目录被删除之前必须是空的。
命令格式 rmdir [选项] dir-name
选项含义:使用 man 帮助
3
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