【知识点详解】
1. 被动语态的基本构成:
被动语态是由“助动词 be + 及物动词的过去分词”组成。它用于强调动作的承受者,而不是执行者。例如,“The book was written by Shakespeare.”(这本书是莎士比亚写的。)
2. 不同时态的被动语态:
- 一般现在时:am/is/are done(如:The window is cleaned every day.)
- 一般过去时:was/were done(如:The project was completed last week.)
- 现在进行时:am/is/are being done(如:The building is being constructed.)
- 过去进行时:was/were being done(如:The lecture was being delivered at that moment.)
- 现在完成时:have/has been done(如:The task has been finished.)
- 过去完成时:had been done(如:She had been invited to the party.)
- 一般将来时:shall/will be done; be going to be done(如:The movie will be released next month.)
3. 情态动词与被动语态:
当句中包含情态动词(如can, must, have to)时,句子结构变为:can/must/have to be done。例如:“The car must be repaired before the journey.”(汽车在旅行前必须修理。)
4. 被动句中的by-词组:
by-词组用于表明动作的执行者,但并非总是必需的。如果执行者不重要或未知,可以省略。例如:“The piano was played beautifully.”(钢琴被演奏得很美妙。)
5. 主动句到被动句的转换:
- 单宾语的主动句:主动句的宾语变成被动句的主语,例如:“People believe he is an honest boy.”变为被动:“He is believed to be an honest boy.”
- 双宾语的主动句:可以将直接宾语变成被动句的主语,如“I gave the book to Mr. Smith”变为“The book was given to Mr. Smith (by me)。”
- 含有介词的动词:如“They have never listened to him.”变为被动:“He has never been listened to.”
6. 特殊情况:
- 当主动句的宾语是that引导的宾语从句时,被动句可以是主语从句或不定式短语,例如:“It is believed that he is an honest boy.” 或 “He is believed to be an honest one.”
- 表达被动意义的主动句:有些动词(如feel, pick)用主动形式即可表达被动含义,如:“Cotton feels soft.”(棉花摸起来很柔软。)
7. 口诀帮助记忆:
学习被动语态时,可以借助口诀来简化记忆,如“宾提前变主,主变介by宾,被动be加done, 时态看主动。”以及处理双宾语时的转换规则。
通过这些知识点,学生可以掌握如何在不同的语境中正确使用被动语态,理解其结构变化,并能灵活地将主动句转化为被动句。