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Application Report

mmWave Radar Radome Design Guide

Chethan Kumar, Habeeb Ur Rahman Mohammed and Greg Peake

ABSTRACT

Radar technology has evolved in last decades from military applications such as missile control, ground

surveillance, air traffic control to numerous automotive and industrial applications such as adaptive cruise

control, park assist, autonomous parking, motion and presence detection, level sensing, people counting and

more. In order for a radar sensor to perform flawlessly in these applications it is critical to ensure that the radome

or housing is designed to minimize electrical and environmental interferences to the radar sensor antenna. This

application report provides an introduction to radome design and highlights key care abouts for designing a

mmWave radome whilst considering the radar sensor performance. It describes a concept of radome design

considerations, along with radome test and qualification. Examples of different radome structures are presented

with supporting design simulations and measurement results.

Table of Contents

1 Introduction and Challenges................................................................................................................................................. 3

2 Radome Design Elements......................................................................................................................................................3

2.1 Understanding Dielectric Constant and Loss tangent on Radome and Antenna Design...................................................3

2.2 Impedance Mismatch at Radome Boundaries................................................................................................................... 3

2.3 Radome Wall Thickness.....................................................................................................................................................5

2.4 Antenna to Radome Distance............................................................................................................................................ 6

3 Typical Radome Material Examples...................................................................................................................................... 7

4 Radome Angle Dependent Error........................................................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Rectangular Radome Angle Dependent Error................................................................................................................... 7

4.2 Spherical Radome Angle Dependent Error........................................................................................................................8

4.3 Effect of the Angle Error in the Application.........................................................................................................................9

5 Radome Design and Simulations........................................................................................................................................10

6 Radome Lab Experiments....................................................................................................................................................16

6.1 Radome Experiment – 1: Flat Plastic Radome................................................................................................................ 16

6.2 PTFE Material Rectangular Radome............................................................................................................................... 17

6.3 PTFE-Based Curved Radome......................................................................................................................................... 18

7 Additional Considerations................................................................................................................................................... 19

7.1 Antenna Calibration..........................................................................................................................................................19

7.2 Radome Near Proximity Considerations.......................................................................................................................... 20

8 Summary............................................................................................................................................................................... 20

9 Acknowledgments................................................................................................................................................................21

10 References.......................................................................................................................................................................... 21

List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Boundary of Mismatch Between Dielectric Mediums................................................................................................ 3

Figure 2-2. Multiple Reflections at Boundaries of Dielectric Mediums ........................................................................................4

Figure 2-3. Reflections at Radome Boundaries (assumption is that radome has a solid single wall...........................................5

Figure 2-4. Radome Optimal Thickness versus Dielectric for Incident Waves of Different Frequency........................................6

Figure 2-5. Radome Optimal Thickness versus Frequency for Different Dielectrics .................................................................. 6

Figure 4-1. Distance Traveled in Rectangular Radome Wall for Different Grazing Angles..........................................................8

Figure 4-2. Distance Traveled in Spherical Radome Wall for Different Grazing Angles..............................................................8

Figure 4-3. The Effect of Angle Estimation Error With Rectangular Radomes ........................................................................... 9

Figure 4-4. The Effect of Angle Estimation Error With Spherical Radomes.................................................................................9

Figure 5-1. Spherical Radome HFSS Model: 37.44 mm outer radius....................................................................................... 10

Figure 5-2. Spherical Radome HFSS Model: 18.24 mm Outer Radius..................................................................................... 10

www.ti.com Table of Contents

SWRA705 – AUGUST 2021

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mmWave Radar Radome Design Guide 1

Figure 5-3. Smaller Spherical HFSS Model: Corresponding Dimensions and Placement With Semi-Transparent View of

PCB........................................................................................................................................................................................10

Figure 5-4. Larger Spherical HFSS Model: Corresponding Dimensions and Placement With Semi-Transparent View of

PCB........................................................................................................................................................................................10

Figure 5-5. Radome Radius of Curvature is Based on Antenna Aperture and FoV Requirement.............................................11

Figure 5-6. Radiation Pattern Tx. Azimuth Without Radome..................................................................................................... 11

Figure 5-7. Radiation Pattern Tx Azimuth With Radome Radius 18.24 mm..............................................................................11

Figure 5-8. Radiation Pattern Tx Azimuth With Radome Radius 37.44 mm..............................................................................12

Figure 5-9. Radiation Pattern Tx Azimuth With Radome Radius 32.64 mm..............................................................................12

Figure 5-10. Radiation Pattern Rx Azimuth Without Radome .................................................................................................. 12

Figure 5-11. Radiation Pattern Rx Azimuth With Radome Radius 18.24 mm............................................................................13

Figure 5-12. Radiation Pattern Rx Azimuth With Radome Radius 37.44 mm........................................................................... 13

Figure 5-13. Radiation Pattern Rx Azimuth With Radome Radius 32.64 mm........................................................................... 13

Figure 5-14. Radiation Pattern Tx. Elevation Without Radome................................................................................................. 14

Figure 5-15. Radiation Pattern Tx Elevation With Radome Radius 18.24 mm..........................................................................14

Figure 5-16. Radiation Pattern Tx Elevation With Radome Radius 37.44 mm..........................................................................14

Figure 5-17. Radiation Pattern Tx Elevation With Radome Radius 32.64 mm..........................................................................15

Figure 5-18. Radiation Pattern Rx Elevation Without Radome .................................................................................................15

Figure 5-19. Radiation Pattern Rx Elevation With Radome Radius 18.24 mm......................................................................... 15

Figure 5-20. Radiation Pattern Rx Elevation With Radome Radius 37.44 mm......................................................................... 16

Figure 5-21. Radiation Pattern Rx Elevation With Radome Radius 32.64 mm......................................................................... 16

Figure 6-1. ABS Plastic Rectangular Radome With 2 mm Wall Thickness............................................................................... 16

Figure 6-2. Azimuth Antenna Radiation Pattern for the 2 mm Wall Thickness ABS Plastic Rectangular Radome................... 17

Figure 6-3. Azimuth Antenna Radiation Patterns With no Radome...........................................................................................17

Figure 6-4. PTFE-Based Rectangular Radome With 1.524 mm Wall Thickness ......................................................................17

Figure 6-5. Antenna Radiation Measurement With PTFE Rectangular Radome...................................................................... 18

Figure 6-6. Antenna Radiation Measurement With no Radome ............................................................................................... 18

Figure 6-7. The PTFE Curved Shaped Radome With 1.524 mm Wall Thickness..................................................................... 18

Figure 6-8. Antenna Radiation Pattern Measurement With no Radome .................................................................................. 19

Figure 6-9. Azimuth Angle Estimation Error Measurement With no Radome - With and Without Phase Calibration................19

Figure 6-10. Elevation Antenna Radiation Pattern With the Curved Shape Radome................................................................19

Figure 6-11. Azimuth Angle Estimation Error Measurement With the Curved Shape Radome - With and Without Phase

Calibration..............................................................................................................................................................................19

List of Tables

Table 3-1. Permittivity and Dissipation Factor for Different Radome Materials............................................................................7

Trademarks

Teflon

is a registered trademark of Teflon.

All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

Trademarks www.ti.com

2 mmWave Radar Radome Design Guide SWRA705 – AUGUST 2021

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1 Introduction and Challenges

A radome (radar dome) is an electromagnetically transparent protective shield that encloses mmWave Radar

sensors and the antenna. It protects the mmWave antenna and electronics from external environment effects

such as rain, sunlight, wind providing structural weatherproof enclosure. The radome minimally attenuates the

electromagnetic signal transmitted or received by the antenna and as such should effectively be transparent to

radio waves.

In some cases, a radome could be constructed as a lens that alters the beam characteristics intentionally. Such

a radome or lens needs to be designed using electro-magnetic simulation tools in conjunction with the antenna

and desired field of view in consideration.

Based on the needs of specific end equipment, radomes can be constructed in several shapes such as planar,

spherical, and geodesic where the shape will have some influence on the radiation pattern or field of view and

maximum achievable distance by radar sensor. The radome material choice, such as fiberglass, PTFE-coated

fabric, and polycarbonate, is generally dependent on the targeted application environmental use.

2 Radome Design Elements

2.1 Understanding Dielectric Constant and Loss tangent on Radome and Antenna Design

In order to understand the electromagnetic wave propagation in a material it is important to know the material

constitutive parameters, such as, permittivity, permeability and conductivity. These constitutive parameters

characterize the EM properties of the material. From these parameters, special care must be taken in selecting

the radome material with optimum relative permittivity (E

) or dielectric constant (Dk). (Most radomes are

designed out of a non-magnetic dielectric material such that the relative permeability = 1 and the conductivity =

0.) Signal fade or “loss” occurs either by the reflection of the electromagnetic waves at the boundary of radome

structure or due to multiple reflections within the radome material itself. This is mainly due to the difference in

dielectric constant (Dk) of the radome relative to air. The dielectric constant (Dk) represents the reflective, as well

as the refractive, properties of a material. In general, the electromagnetic signal can be thought of as “slowing

down” as it moves through the radome when compared with air.

Definition of loss tangent: Dielectric loss quantifies a dielectric material's inherent dissipation of electromagnetic

energy. It can be parametrized in terms of either the loss angle δ or the corresponding loss tangent tan δ.

The dielectric constant and loss tangent together specify the transmission efficiency of a radome combined with

an antenna system where both together are ideally measured at the intended operating frequencies. Dielectric

loss quantifies a dielectric material's inherent dissipation of electromagnetic energy. It can be parametrized in

terms of either the loss angle δ or the corresponding loss tangent tan(δ). The lower the dielectric constant and

loss tangent, the smaller the effect of the radome on the antenna performance. Ideally Dk should be close to 1,

since free space Dk is 1. However, it is impractical to use materials that have Dk=1 (basically Styrofoam) since

they are not suitable for other goals of the radome (aesthetics, cost, and environmental robustness). Just to note

that it is not the antenna design that forces Dk>1, but rather the radome material properties and availability.

2.2 Impedance Mismatch at Radome Boundaries

Electromagnetic wave reflections occur at the boundaries of the plane of mismatch. This plane of mismatch

could be considered as boundary of two medium with different dielectric properties, that is, mediums with

different permittivity as shown in Figure 2-1.

Figure 2-1. Boundary of Mismatch Between Dielectric Mediums

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mmWave Radar Radome Design Guide 3

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