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计算机_外文翻译_英文文献_中英版__仓库管理系统(_WMS_).doc
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计算机_外文翻译_英文文献_中英版__仓库管理系统(_WMS_)
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Warehouse Management Systems (WMS).
The evolution of warehouse management systems (WMS) is very similar to that of many
other software solutions. Initially a system to control movement and storage of materials within
a warehouse, the role of WMS is expanding to including light manufacturing, transportation
management, order management, and complete accounting systems. To use the grandfather of
operations-related software, MRP, as a comparison, material requirements planning (MRP)
started as a system for planning raw material requirements in a manufacturing environment.
Soon MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRPII), which took the basic MRP
system and added scheduling and capacity planning logic. Eventually MRPII evolved into
enterprise resource planning (ERP), incorporating all the MRPII functionality with full financials
and customer and vendor management functionality. Now, whether WMS evolving into a
warehouse-focused ERP system is a good thing or not is up to debate. What is clear is that the
expansion of the overlap in functionality between Warehouse Management Systems, Enterprise
Resource Planning, Distribution Requirements Planning, Transportation Management Systems,
Supply Chain Planning, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Execution
Systems will only increase the level of confusion among companies looking for software
solutions for their operations.
Even though WMS continues to gain added functionality, the initial core functionality of a WMS has not
really changed. The primary purpose of a WMS is to control the movement and storage of materials within an
operation and process the associated transactions. Directed picking, directed replenishment, and directed put
away are the key to WMS. The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one
software vendor to another, however the basic logic will use a combination of item, location, quantity, unit of
measure, and order information to determine where to stock, where to pick, and in what sequence to perform
these operations.
At a bare minimum, a WMS should:
Have a flexible location system.
Utilize user-defined parameters to direct warehouse tasks and
use live documents to execute these tasks.
Have some built-in level of integration with data collection
devices.
1
Do You Really Need WMS?
Not every warehouse needs a WMS. Certainly any warehouse could benefit from some of
the functionality but is the benefit great enough to justify the initial and ongoing costs associated
with WMS? Warehouse Management Systems are big, complex, data intensive, applications.
They tend to require a lot of initial setup, a lot of system resources to run, and a lot of ongoing
data management to continue to run. That’s right, you need to "manage" your warehouse
"management" system. Often times, large operations will end up creating a new IS department
with the sole responsibility of managing the WMS.
The Claims:
WMS will reduce inventory!
WMS will reduce labor costs!
WMS will increase storage capacity!
WMS will increase customer service!
WMS will increase inventory accuracy!
The Reality:
The implementation of a WMS along with automated data collection will likely give you
increases in accuracy, reduction in labor costs (provided the labor required to maintain the
system is less than the labor saved on the warehouse floor), and a greater ability to service the
customer by reducing cycle times. Expectations of inventory reduction and increased storage
capacity are less likely. While increased accuracy and efficiencies in the receiving process may
reduce the level of safety stock required, the impact of this reduction will likely be negligible in
comparison to overall inventory levels. The predominant factors that control inventory levels are
lot sizing, lead times, and demand variability. It is unlikely that a WMS will have a significant
impact on any of these factors. And while a WMS certainly provides the tools for more
organized storage which may result in increased storage capacity, this improvement will be
relative to just how sloppy your pre-WMS processes were.
Beyond labor efficiencies, the determining factors in deciding to implement a WMS tend to
be more often associated with the need to do something to service your customers that your
current system does not support (or does not support well) such as first-in-first-out, cross-
docking, automated pick replenishment, wave picking, lot tracking, yard management,
automated data collection, automated material handling equipment, etc.
2
Setup
The setup requirements of WMS can be extensive. The characteristics of each item and
location must be maintained either at the detail level or by grouping similar items and locations
into categories. An example of item characteristics at the detail level would include exact
dimensions and weight of each item in each unit of measure the item is stocked (each, cases,
pallets, etc) as well as information such as whether it can be mixed with other items in a location,
whether it is rack able, max stack height, max quantity per location, hazard classifications,
finished goods or raw material, fast versus slow mover, etc. Although some operations will need
to set up each item this way, most operations will benefit by creating groups of similar products.
For example, if you are a distributor of music CDs you would create groups for single CDs, and
double CDs, maintaining the detailed dimension and weight information at the group level and
only needing to attach the group code to each item. You would likely need to maintain detailed
information on special items such as boxed sets or CDs in special packaging. You would also
create groups for the different types of locations within your warehouse. An example would be
to create three different groups (P1, P2, P3) for the three different sized forward picking
locations you use for your CD picking. You then set up the quantity of single CDs that will fit in
a P1, P2, and P3 location, quantity of double CDs that fit in a P1, P2, P3 location etc. You
would likely also be setting up case quantities, and pallet quantities of each CD group and
quantities of cases and pallets per each reserve storage location group.
If this sounds simple, it is…well… sort of. In reality most operations have a much more
diverse product mix and will require much more system setup. And setting up the physical
characteristics of the product and locations is only part of the picture. You have set up enough
so that the system knows where a product can fit and how many will fit in that location. You
now need to set up the information needed to let the system decide exactly which location to pick
from, replenish from/to, and put away to, and in what sequence these events should occur
(remember WMS is all about “directed” movement). You do this by assigning specific logic to
the various combinations of item/order/quantity/location information that will occur.
Below I have listed some of the logic used in determining actual locations and sequences.
Location Sequence. This is the simplest logic; you simply define a flow through your
warehouse and assign a sequence number to each location. In order picking this is used to
sequence your picks to flow through the warehouse, in put away the logic would look for the
first location in the sequence in which the product would fit.
Zone Logic. By breaking down your storage locations into zones you can direct picking,
3
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