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Volume One: Xlib Programming Manual

for Version 11 of the X Window System

X Window SystemISBN 1−56592−002−3

1992

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as

trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a

trademark claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps.

This document is based in part on Xlib−−−C Language X Interface, by Jin Gettys, Ron Newman, and Robert

Scheifer, and the X Window System Protocol, Version 11, by Robert Scheifer and Ron Newman, both of which are

Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Massachusetts. In addition, we have included some material provided in Oliver

Jones’ Xlib Tutorial Overheads, which was distributed at the MIT X Conference in January 1988 and which is

We have used this material under the terms of its copyright, which grants free use, subject to the following

conditions:

"Permission to use, copy, modify and distribute this documentation (i.e., the original MIT, DEC, Sun

Microsystems, or Apollo material) for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the

above copyright notice appears in all copies and that both that copyright notice and this permission notice

appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of MIT, Apollo, Digital, Tektronix, or Sun not be

used in advertising or publicity pertaining to this documentation without specific, written prior permission.

MIT and Digital make no representations about the suitability of the software described herein for any

purpose. It is provided ‘as is’ without expressed or implied warranty. "

Note, however, that those portions of this document that are based on the original X11 documentation and other

1990 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. Inasmuch as the proprietary revisions cannot be separated from the freely

copyable MIT source material, the net result is that copying of this document is not allowed. Sorry for the

doublespeak!

While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for

errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

August 1988: First Edition.

November 1988: Minor revisions.

May 1989: Release 3 updates added. Minor revisions.

April 1990: Second Edition covers Release 3 and Release 4.

July 1990: Minor revisions.

October 1990: Minor revisions.

December 1991: Minor revisions.

June 1992: Third Edition covers Release 4 and Release 5.

March 1993: Minor revisions.

Preface

About This Manual

This manual describes the X library, the C Language programming interface to Version 11 of the X Window System. The

X library, known as Xlib, is the lowest level of programming interface to X. This library enables a programmer to write

applications with an advanced user interface based on windows on the screen, with complete network transparency, that

will run without changes on many types of workstations and personal computers.

Xlib is powerful enough to write effective applications without additional programming tools and is necessary for certain

tasks even in applications written with higher−level "toolkits."

There are a number of these toolkits for X programming, the most notable being the DEC/MIT toolkit Xt, the Andrew

toolkit developed by IBM and Carnegie−Mellon University, and the InterViews toolkit from Stanford. These toolkits are

still evolving, and only Xt is currently part of the X standard. Toolkits simplify the process of application writing

considerably, providing a number of widgets that implement menus, command buttons, and other common features of the

user interface.

This manual does not describe Xt or any other toolkit. That is done in Volumes Four and Five of our X Window System

series. Nonetheless, much of the material described in this book is helpful for understanding and using the toolkits, since

the toolkits themselves are written using Xlib and allow Xlib code to be intermingled with toolkit code.

Summary of Contents

This manual is divided into two volumes. This is the first volume, the Xlib Programming Manual. It provides a

conceptual introduction to Xlib, including tutorial material and numerous programming examples. Arranged by task or

topic, each chapter brings together a group of Xlib functions, describes the conceptual foundation they are based on, and

illustrates how they are most often used in writing applications (or, in the case of the last chapter, in writing window

managers). Volume One is structured so as to be useful as a tutorial and also as a task−oriented reference.

The second volume, the Xlib Reference Manual, includes reference pages for each of the Xlib functions, organized

alphabetically for ease of reference; a permuted index; and numerous appendices and quick reference aids.

Volume One and Volume Two are designed to be used together. To get the most out of the examples in Volume One, you

will need the exact calling sequences of each function from Volume Two. To understand fully how to use each of the

functions described in Volume Two, all but the most experienced X "hacker" will need the explanation and examples in

Volume One.

Both volumes include material from the original Xlib and X11 protocol documentation provided by MIT, as well as from

other documents provided on the MIT release tape. We have done our best to incorporate all of the useful information

from the MIT documentation, to correct code references we found to be in error, to reorganize and present it in a more

useful form, and to supplement it with conceptual material, tutorials, reference aids, and examples. In other words, this

manual is not only a replacement but is a superset of the MIT documentation.

Those of you familiar with the MIT documentation will recognize that each reference page in Volume Two includes the

detailed description of the routine found in Gettys, Newman, and Scheifler’s Xlib−C Language X Interface, plus, in many

cases, additional text that clarifies ambiguities and describes the context in which the routine would be used. We have also

added cross references to related reference pages and to where additional information can be found in Volume One.

How to Use This Manual

Volume One is intended as an introduction to all the basic concepts of X programming and also as a useful reference for

many of the most common programming techniques. It is divided into 14 chapters, which describe and demonstrate the use

of the X programming library, and numerous appendices.

You will find it necessary to read at least Chapters 1, 2, and 3 before attempting to program with the X library. Chapter 1,

Introduction, provides a discussion of the context in which X programs operate. Chapter 2, X Concepts, describes the

conceptual foundations underlying X programming. Chapter 3, Basic Window Program, presents a simple program.

Chapters 4 through 9 (Window Attributes, The Graphics Context, Drawing Graphics and Text, Color, Events, and The

Keyboard and Pointer) discuss various programming techniques that are used in all X programs. These chapters can be

read as a tutorial and consulted for reference later.

Chapter 10, Internationalization, and Chapter 11, Internationalized Text Input describe the Xlib features for making an

application usable in any language without changes to the application binary. These features were added in Release 5.

Chapter 12, Interclient Communication, is a description of communication between applications and between applications

and the window manager, including properties and selections. The proposed conventions for interclient communication are

presented in Appendix L, Interclient Communcation Conventions, of Volume Zero, X Protocol Reference Manual (as of the

second printing).

Chapter 13, Managing User Preferences, describes the facilities provided for database management, parsing the command

line, and managing user preferences. Xlib calls this the resource manager.

Chapter 14, A Complete Application, provides an example of a complete application. This chapter is especially useful in

demonstrating managing user preferences with the resource manager.

Chapter 15, Other Programming Techniques, describes programming techniques that will be useful to some but not all

programs. It should be scanned for applicable techniques and read in detail when needed for a particular project.

Chapter 16, Window Management, describes what window managers do and how they work. This information should

provide a more complete knowledge of the variety of contexts in which X applications may function. It also describes the

Xlib functions that are intended primarily for window management. A simple window manager program is described.

Appendix A, Specifying Fonts, describes how the programmer should specify default font names.

Appendix B, X10 Compatibility, describes the routines supported in X11 for compatibility with X Version 10.

Appendix C, Writing Extensions to X, is a guide to writing extensions to X. This is for experienced X programmers only. It

is provided so that this manual can serve as a complete replacement for the MIT Xlib documentation.

Appendix D, The basecalc Application, presents the complete code for basecalc, the complete application described in

Chapter 12, A Complete Application.

Appendix E, Event Reference, describes each event type in a reference page format. Included is how to select the events,

when they are generated, the contents of the event structures, and notes on how to use them. This information is vital in

using the numerous events.

Appendix F, The Xmu Library, describes the routines in this miscellaneous utilities library that are useful in Xlib

programming. This library is not an X Consortium standard but is widely available.

Appendix G, Sources of Additional Information, lists where to get the X software, companies that offer training in X

programming, and descriptions of additional published books on the subject.

Appendix H, Release Notes, describes the changes between Releases 3, 4 and 5. This manual describes Release 4 and

Release 5.

The Glossary gives you somewhere to turn should you run across a term with which you are unfamiliar. Some care has

been taken to see that all terms are defined where they are first used in the text, but this assumes a sequential reading of the

manual.

Volume Two consists of a permuted index, reference pages to each library function, and appendices that cover macros,

structures, function groups, events, fonts, colors, cursors, keysyms, and errors. Finally, Volume Two concludes with

at−a−glance charts that help in setting the graphics context (GC) and the window attributes. This volume should be

consulted to obtain the specifics of calling each Xlib function.

Getting the Example Programs

The example programs in this book are available electronically in a number of ways: by ftp, ftpmail, bitftp, and uucp. The

cheapest, fastest, and easiest ways are listed first. If you read from the top down, the first one that works for you is

probably the best. Use ftp if you are directly on the Internet. Use ftpmail if you are not on the Internet but can send and

receive electronic mail to internet sites (this includes CompuServe users). Use BITFTP if you send electronic mail via

BITNET. Use UUCP if none of the above works.

FTP

To use FTP, you need a machine with direct access to the Internet. A sample session is shown, with what you should type

in boldface.

%ftp ftp.uu.net

Connected to ftp.uu.net.

220 FTP server (Version 6.21 Tue Mar 10 22:09:55 EST 1992) ready.

Name (ftp.uu.net:kismet): anonymous

331 Guest login ok, send domain style e−mail address as password.

Password: kismet@ora.com(use your user name and host here)

230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.

ftp> cd /published/oreilly/xbook/xlib/

250 CWD command successful.

ftp> binary (Very important! You must specify binary transfer for compressed files

200 Type set to I.

ftp> get xlibprgs3.tar.Z

200 PORT command successful.

150 Opening BINARY mode data connection for xlibprgs3.tar.Z.

226 Transfer complete.

ftp> quit

221 Goodbye.

If the file is a compressed tar archive, extract the files from the archive by typing:

%zcat xlibprgs3.tar.Z | tar xf −

System V systems require the following tar command instead:

%zcat xlibprgs3.tar.Z | tar xof −

If zcat is not available on your system, use separate uncompress and tar commands.

If the file is a compressed shar archive, you can extract the files from the archive by typing:

%uncompress FILE.shar.Z

%/bin/sh FILE.shar

FTPMAIL

FTPMAIL is a mail server available to anyone who can send and receive electronic mail to and from Internet sites. This

includes most workstations that have an email connection to the outside world, and CompuServe users. You do not need to

be directly on the Internet. Here’s how to do it.

You send mail to ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com. In the message body, give the name of the anonymous ftp host and the ftp

commands you want to run. The server will run anonymous ftp for you and mail the files back to you. To get a complete

help file, send a message with no subject and the single word "help" in the body. The following is an example mail session

that should get you the examples. This command sends you a listing of the files in the selected directory, and the requested

examples file. The listing is useful in case there’s a later version of the examples you’re interested in.

%mail ftpmail@decwrl.dec.com

Subject:

reply jerry@ora.com (where you want files mailed)

connect ftp.uu.net

chdir /published/oreilly/xbook/xlib/

dir

binary

uuencode (or btoa if you have it)

get xlibprgs3.tar.Z

quit%

A signature at the end of the message is acceptable as long as it appears after "quit."

All retrieved files will be split into 60KB chunks and mailed to you. You then remove the mail headers and concatenate

them into one file, and then uudecode or atob it. Once you’ve got the desired file, follow the directions under FTP to

extract the files from the archive.

VMS, DOS, and Mac versions of uudecode, atob, uncompress, and tar are available. The VMS versions are on

gatekeeper.dec.com in /archive/pub/VMS.

BITFTP

BITFTP is a mail server for BITNET users. You send it electronic mail messages requesting files, and it sends you back

the files by electronic mail. BITFTP currently serves only users who send it mail from nodes that are directly on BITNET,

EARN, or NetNorth. BITFTP is a public service of Princeton University. Here’s how it works.

To use BITFTP, send mail containing your ftp commands to BITFTP@PUCC. For a complete help file, send HELP as the

message body.

The following is the message body you should send to BITFTP:

FTP ftp.uu.net NETDATA

USER anonymous

PASS your Internet email address (not your bitnet address)

CD /published/oreilly/xbook/xlib/

DIR

BINARY

GET xlibprgs3.tar.Z

QUIT

Once you’ve got the desired file, follow the directions under FTP to extract the files from the archive. Since you are

probably not on a UNIX system, you may need to get versions of uudecode, uncompress, atob, and tar for your system.

VMS, DOS, and Mac versions are available. The VMS versions are on gatekeeper.dec.com in /archive/pub/VMS.

Questions about BITFTP can be directed to Melinda Varian, MAINT@PUCC on BITNET.

UUCP

UUCP is standard on virtually all UNIX systems, and is available for IBM−compatible PCs and Apple Macintoshes. The

examples are available by UUCP via modem from UUNET; UUNET’s connect−time charges apply.

You can get the examples from UUNET whether you have an account or not. If you or your company has an account with

UUNET, you will have a system with a direct UUCP connection to UUNET. Find that system, and type:

uucp uunet\!~/published/oreilly/xbook/xlib//xlibprgs3.tar.Z yourhost\!~/yourname/

The backslashes can be omitted if you use the Bourne shell (sh) instead of csh. The file should appear some time later (up

to a day or more) in the directory /usr/spool/uucppublic/yourname. If you don’t have an account but would like one so that

you can get electronic mail, then contact UUNET at 703−204−8000.

If you don’t have a UUNET account, you can set up a UUCP connection to UUNET using the phone number

1−900−468−7727. As of this writing, the cost is 50 cents per minute. The charges will appear on your next telephone bill.

The login name is "uucp" with no password. For example, an L.sys/Systems entry might look like:

uunet Any ACU 19200 1−900−468−7727 ogin:−−ogin: uucp

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