根据给定的“大学英语六级汉译英讲义”的标题、描述以及部分内容，我们可以从中提炼出以下几个重要的知识点：
### 一、汉译英应试原则
#### 手法灵活
- 在遇到难以直译的地方时，应当灵活变通，采用其他相近的说法进行表达。
- 例如：“吃一堑，长一智”可以译为“Learn from experience”，而不是直译为“Eat one setback, gain one wisdom”。
#### 语法正确
- 确保译文中的时态、语态、单复数等语法正确无误。
- 例如：在表达过去发生的事件时，应使用过去时态。
#### 内容忠实
- 必须准确且完整地传达原文的内容，不得有任何歪曲、遗漏或增删。
- 例如：原文中提到的数字、人名等细节都应在译文中得到体现。
#### 语言闪光
- 翻译出来的文本应当符合英语表达习惯，并且用词准确、多样。
- 例如：“美丽”可以翻译为“beautiful”，也可以根据上下文选择“gorgeous”、“charming”等词汇。
### 二、汉译英基本程序
1. **理解**：首先通读原文，确保完全理解其含义。
- 例如：在翻译一篇关于环保的文章之前，先理解文章想要传达的核心观点。
2. **翻译**：确定译文的时态、句型、结构和用词。
- 例如：如果原文是一篇报道，则译文也应保持客观陈述的形式。
3. **审校**：
- 首先检查译文是否正确地转述了原文内容，是否有错译和漏译；
- 检查是否有语言上的明显错误，如时态、语态、单复数、拼写、大小写、标点符号等。
### 三、汉译英专项练习解析
#### 倍数增减的表示法
1. Force N1 _ is 2.5 times greater than force N2.
2. This substance _ reacts three times faster than the other substance.
3. The earth _ is 49 times larger than the moon.
4. The landlord _ wants to raise the rent by one-third.
5. They _ plan to double their investment.
#### 时态
1. Be quick, _ or the wedding will be over by the time we arrive at the church.
2. When she got home, _ the children had already fallen asleep.
3. When I prepare for the college entrance examination, _ my sister will be on vacation at the seaside.
4. I _ have been revising my resume all morning.
5. Do you often go on holiday? _ No, I haven’t been on vacation for five years.
6. He joined the army in October, 2001. _ It has been five years since he joined the army.
#### 被动语态
1. The blackboard and chalk _ are being replaced by computers and projectors.
2. The book _ will have been published by the end of this year.
3. Computer models _ can be used to demonstrate how cells work.
4. When the bill of fare was brought, _ I was shocked; it was much more expensive than I expected.
5. Effective measures _ must be taken immediately.
#### 情态动词
1. The phone is ringing, _ but nobody is answering. She must not be at home.
2. I can’t find my sunglasses. _ I might have left them in the café yesterday.
3. You screamed in your sleep last night. _ You must have dreamt about something scary.
4. It’s a pity. _ You should have invited her to your graduation ceremony.
5. In fact, _ I didn’t need to wear my best suit to that party; most of the guests were wearing jeans and sweaters.
#### 虚拟语气
1. I wish _ I had had such opportunities when I was young.
2. If only _ he knew that the disease could be cured! Then he wouldn’t have killed himself.
3. — Would you like him to paint your door with yellow stars?
— I’d rather he _ painted it blue without any decorations.
4. It’s high time that _ measures were taken to solve the traffic jam problem.
5. Hugh usually talks _ as if he were giving a speech at a large conference.
6. We insist that _ Jack be admitted to the hospital immediately.
7. It was advised that _ more mobile shops be set up in residential areas.
8. His proposal was that _ they establish a special committee to investigate the issue.
9. We are going to discuss his suggestion that _ the midterm exam be canceled.
10. It is ridiculous that _ we lack water in a country where it always rains.
11. It is essential _ that we take immediate action.
通过以上内容，我们可以看到大学英语六级汉译英讲义中涵盖了翻译的基本原则、步骤以及具体的翻译练习案例。这些知识点对于准备参加六级考试的学生来说非常实用，不仅能够帮助他们提高翻译技巧，还能让他们更加熟练地掌握英语表达方式。
