# PID Controller Optimization for Low-cost Line Follower Robots
[![license](https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-%23F65314?style=flat-square)](LICENSE)
[![DOI](https://img.shields.io/badge/DOI-10.13140/RG.2.2.22102.98886-%239aed00?style=flat-square)](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349641393_PID_Controller_Optimization_for_Low-cost_Line_Follower_Robots)
This repository contains the implementation of an optimized PID controller for a line follower robot using STM32F103C8 microcontroller and QTR-8RC reflectance sensor array. For more information about the research, please refer to the [paper](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349641393_PID_Controller_Optimization_for_Low-cost_Line_Follower_Robots).
> ***Abstract*** - In this paper, modification of the classical PID controller and development of open-loop control mechanisms to improve stability and robustness of a differential wheeled robot are discussed. To deploy the algorithm, a test platform has been constructed using low-cost and off-the-shelf components including a microcontroller, reflectance sensor, and motor driver. This paper describes the heuristic approach used in the identification of the system specifications as well as the optimization of the controller. The PID controller is analyzed in detail and the effect of each term is explained in the context of stability. Lastly, the challenges encountered during the development of controller and robot are discussed.
# Getting Started
<img align="right" width="440" src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/53112883/109350542-b6a3b700-7888-11eb-841b-921b91522507.png">
### Components
- STM32F103C8
- L298N motor driver
- QTR-8RC reflectance sensor array
- 6V DC motors x2
- 12V battery
- Wheels x2
- Chassis
### Required Software
- [Keil µVision](https://www.keil.com/demo/eval/arm.htm)
### Build the code
Go to `/LineFollower/MDK-ARM` directory and open `LineFollower.uvprojx` project file. You should first build the code and then upload it to the STM32 board.
## Authors
- [Samet Öğüten](https://github.com/sametoguten)
- [Bilal Kabaş](https://github.com/bilalkabas)
## License
This project is licensed under the [MIT License](LICENSE).
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面向低成本巡线机器人的PID控制器优化源码
共133个文件
h:44个
d:18个
o:18个
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【博文链接:https://archie.blog.csdn.net/article/details/136904867?spm=1001.2014.3001.5502】对经典PID控制器的改进和开环控制机制的发展进行了讨论,以提高差动轮式机器人的稳定性和鲁棒性。为了部署该算法,使用低成本、现成的组件,包括微控制器、反射率传感器和电机驱动器,构建了一个测试平台。描述了用于辨识系统特性以及优化控制器的启发式方法。对PID控制器进行了详细的分析。展示了由90 °和45 °转弯的直线、曲率和转角组成的测试轨迹。履带由浅色木板制成。在未实施开环控制前,电池电压为10.2 V时,机器人无法处理45 °转弯。机器人在9.2秒内完成了轨迹跟踪。以进一步缩短完成时间,电池电压提升至13 V。然而,机器人开始出现急转弯跟线失败。为了处理弯道中的急转弯和提高系统性能,对开环控制进行了改进。最终,在电池电压为13 V,PWM占空比为92 %的条件下,机器人在7.8 s内成功完成了循迹。
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面向低成本巡线机器人的PID控制器优化源码 (133个子文件)
LineFollower.axf 525KB
LineFollower.uvguix.bilal 89KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim.c 235KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim_ex.c 75KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc.c 48KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash_ex.c 35KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc_ex.c 29KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash.c 29KB
stm32f1xx_hal_dma.c 27KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio.c 20KB
stm32f1xx_hal_pwr.c 20KB
stm32f1xx_hal.c 20KB
stm32f1xx_hal_cortex.c 18KB
main.c 17KB
stm32f1xx_hal_exti.c 15KB
system_stm32f1xx.c 14KB
stm32f1xx_hal_msp.c 6KB
stm32f1xx_it.c 5KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio_ex.c 4KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim.crf 597KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim_ex.crf 560KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc.crf 547KB
main.crf 544KB
stm32f1xx_hal_dma.crf 543KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash_ex.crf 541KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash.crf 540KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio.crf 539KB
stm32f1xx_hal_exti.crf 538KB
stm32f1xx_hal_pwr.crf 538KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc_ex.crf 538KB
stm32f1xx_hal_msp.crf 538KB
stm32f1xx_hal.crf 536KB
stm32f1xx_it.crf 536KB
stm32f1xx_hal_cortex.crf 536KB
system_stm32f1xx.crf 535KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio_ex.crf 535KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash_ex.d 3KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio_ex.d 3KB
stm32f1xx_hal_cortex.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc_ex.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim_ex.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_exti.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_msp.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_pwr.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal_dma.d 2KB
system_stm32f1xx.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_it.d 2KB
stm32f1xx_hal.d 2KB
main.d 2KB
startup_stm32f103xb.d 58B
LineFollower_STM32F103C8_1.0.0.dbgconf 2KB
LineFollower_LineFollower.dep 43KB
stm32f103xb.h 823KB
stm32_hal_legacy.h 205KB
core_cm33.h 169KB
core_armv8mml.h 162KB
core_cm7.h 142KB
core_cm4.h 119KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim.h 118KB
core_cm3.h 107KB
core_sc300.h 106KB
core_cm23.h 100KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc_ex.h 97KB
core_armv8mbl.h 94KB
stm32f1xx_hal_rcc.h 65KB
cmsis_gcc.h 59KB
cmsis_armclang.h 53KB
core_cm0plus.h 48KB
core_sc000.h 45KB
core_cm1.h 41KB
core_cm0.h 40KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash_ex.h 35KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio_ex.h 35KB
cmsis_iccarm.h 27KB
cmsis_armcc.h 27KB
stm32f1xx_hal_dma.h 17KB
stm32f1xx_hal_cortex.h 17KB
stm32f1xx_hal_conf.h 15KB
stm32f1xx_hal_dma_ex.h 12KB
stm32f1xx_hal_exti.h 12KB
stm32f1xx_hal_gpio.h 11KB
stm32f1xx_hal_pwr.h 11KB
mpu_armv7.h 11KB
stm32f1xx_hal.h 11KB
mpu_armv8.h 10KB
stm32f1xx_hal_tim_ex.h 9KB
stm32f1xx_hal_flash.h 9KB
cmsis_compiler.h 9KB
stm32f1xx_hal_def.h 7KB
stm32f1xx.h 7KB
main.h 3KB
tz_context.h 3KB
stm32f1xx_it.h 2KB
system_stm32f1xx.h 2KB
cmsis_version.h 2KB
RTE_Components.h 369B
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