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DesignCon 2018
Hacking Skew Measurement
Clement Luk, Hirose Electric
cluk@hirose.com
Jeremy Buan, Hirose Electric
jbuan@hirose.com
Tadashi Ohshida, Hirose Electric
tohshida@hirose.com
Pin Jen Wang, Hirose Electric
pwang@hirose.com
Yuta Oryu, Hirose Electric
yoryu@hirose.com
Ching-Chao Huang, AtaiTec Corporation
huang@ataitec.com
Neil Jarvis, Rohde & Schwarz
Neil.Jarvis@rsa.rohde-schwarz.com
2
Abstract
For high-speed and EMC applications, it is crucial, but difficult to quantify the signal
path skew of device under test (DUT). When the device is mounted on a PCB fixture, the
PCB trace skew adds extra uncertainty to the measurement data. Attempting to de-embed
such PCB trace skew by separate test coupons just introduces even more error if the test
coupons have opposite skew. Besides showing how de-embedded results can vary,
depending on the skew of test coupons and/or fixture, this paper introduces a new
methodology, dubbed In-Fixture Skew Subtraction (IFSS) method, to quantify DUT skew
without de-embedding. A simple equation has been derived to compute both PCB and
DUT skews for those cases where the DUT has distinguishable impedance
discontinuities.
Authors Biography
Clement Luk is a Senior Signal Integrity Engineer in the High-Speed Interconnect
section at Hirose Electric USA, Inc. He is involved in high speed connector design,
device and channel simulation and measurement. He received his BSCS and MSEE from
University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Jeremy Buan is a Signal Integrity Manager in the High-Speed Interconnect section at
Hirose Electric USA, Inc. As an SI Manager, he supports the development of high-speed
connectors by both simulation and measurement. He gives SI/design assistance to
customers by providing connector models, evaluation boards, channel simulation data
and via breakout optimization. Jeremy received his BSEE and MSEE from San Jose State
University.
Tadashi Ohshida is an Engineering Manager in the High-Speed Interconnect section at
Hirose Electric USA, Inc. He joined Hirose in 2001 as a connector development engineer
for computer and telecom market. He received his BSEE from Iwate University, Iwate,
Japan.
Pin Jen Wang (Alvin) is a Signal Integrity Engineer in the High-Speed Interconnect
section at Hirose Electric USA, Inc. He is working on connector model simulation,
measurement, correlation, and development, characterization board design, and PCB
material characterization. He received his BSEE and MSEE from University of Idaho.
Yuta Oryu is a Signal Integrity Engineer at Hirose Electric USA in the High-Speed
Interconnect Department. He received his BSEE from University of Rochester.
Ching-Chao Huang, founder and president of AtaiTec Corporation, has more than 30
years of high-speed design and SI software development experience. He was advisory
engineer at IBM, R&D manager at TMA, SI manager at Rambus, and Sr. VP at Optimal.
Dr. Huang is an IEEE senior member and he pioneered In-Situ De-embedding (ISD) for
3
causal and accurate de-embedding. He received his BSEE from National Taiwan
University and MSEE and PhD from Ohio State University.
Neil Jarvis is an Applications Engineer at Rohde and Schwarz USA, Inc. He has over 25
years of experience in RF, Microwaves, and Vector Network Analysis. He currently
supports VNA signal integrity applications including USB, HDMI, PCIE, and
SATA. Neil has a BSEE from San Jose State University, an MS from The Naval
Postgraduate School in Systems Analysis, and an MBA from Pepperdine University.
4
Introduction
Many of today’s high-speed serial data standards use differential signaling to reduce
noise and EM emission. One of the challenges is the requirement that the p- and n-
transmission paths be of equal electrical delay. When these paths are not equal in delay,
skew arises. Skew increases differential insertion loss and EMC emission. As a result,
skew can limit a system's bandwidth, add data-dependent jitter, and reduce ability to
equalize a channel.
Skew and differential insertion loss are among the most important criteria for high-speed
system designers. PCB and component manufacturers need to provide those information
accurately for their products. De-embedding has been used routinely to characterize the
electrical performance of device under test (DUT). When the device is mounted on a
PCB fixture (or when the device is part of PCB itself), the PCB trace skew adds extra
uncertainty to the measurement data. Attempting to de-embed such PCB trace skew by
separate test coupons just introduces even more error if the test coupons have opposite
skew. Error in the DUT skew after de-embedding can lead to misinterpretation of other
de-embedded DUT results. For example, PCB manufacturers may mistakenly conclude
their differential trace attenuation is too high when in fact the data were tainted with skew
error.
This paper uses actual PCB trace measurement data to demonstrate how de-embedded
results can vary, depending on the skew of reference coupons and/or fixture. Without
knowing actual fixture skew, we face the dilemma of whether we should include the
coupon's skew in de-embedding. The de-embedded trace attenuation, with or without
including the coupon skew, is compared with eigenvalue solution. (The eigenvalue
solution operates on differential data only and has no skew information.)
To pave the way for de-embedding correct fixture skew, this paper introduces a new
methodology, dubbed In-Fixture Skew Subtraction (IFSS), to quantify fixture and DUT
skew before de-embedding. A simple equation has been derived to compute both PCB
and DUT skews for those cases where the DUT has distinguishable impedance
discontinuities. A test vehicle, consisting of separately measurable PCB trace fixtures
and DUT, was fabricated. Directly measured DUT skew and calculated skew using the
proposed IFSS method are compared. To see if the proposed IFSS method is applicable
to more complex devices, Hirose IT8 connector simulation model was studied. Results
and key takeaways are summarized in the following sections.
What is DUT skew
The skew (i.e., delay difference between two signal paths) in connector, PCB trace and
cable must be accurately characterized because it can have detrimental effect on high-
speed differential signaling (for example, see Figure 5 of [1]). The device under test
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