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XHTML™ 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup

Language (Second Edition)

A Reformulation of HTML 4 in XML 1.0

W3C Recommendation 26 January 2000, revised 1 August

2002

This version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xhtml1-20020801

Latest version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1

Previous version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2000/REC-xhtml1-20000126

Diff-marked version:

http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/REC-xhtml1-20020801/xhtml1-diff.html

Authors:

See acknowledgments [p.29] .

Please refer to the errata for this document, which may include some normative corrections.

See also translations.

This document is also available in these non-normative formats: Multi-part XHTML file,

PostScript version, PDF version, ZIP archive, and Gzip’d TAR archive.

document use and software licensing rules apply.

Abstract

This specification defines the Second Edition of XHTML 1.0, a reformulation of HTML 4 as an

XML 1.0 application, and three DTDs corresponding to the ones defined by HTML 4. The

semantics of the elements and their attributes are defined in the W3C Recommendation for

HTML 4. These semantics provide the foundation for future extensibility of XHTML. Compatibility

with existing HTML user agents is possible by following a small set of guidelines.

- 1 -

XHTML™ 1.0 The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)

Status of this document

This section describes the status of this document at the time of its publication. Other

documents may supersede this document. The latest status of this document series is

maintained at the W3C.

This document is the second edition of the XHTML 1.0 specification incorporating the errata

changes as of 1 August 2002. Changes between this version and the previous Recommendation

are illustrated in a diff-marked version.

This second edition is not a new version of XHTML 1.0 (first published 26 January 2000). The

changes in this document reflect corrections applied as a result of comments submitted by the

community and as a result of ongoing work within the HTML Working Group. There are no

substantive changes in this document - only the integration of various errata.

The list of known errors in this specification is available at

http://www.w3.org/2002/08/REC-xhtml1-20020801-errata.

Please report errors in this document to www-html-editor@w3.org (archive). Public discussion

on HTML features takes place on the mailing list www-html@w3.org (archive).

This document has been produced as part of the W3C HTML Activity. The goals of the HTML

Working Group (members only) are discussed in the HTML Working Group charter.

At the time of publication, the working group believed there were zero patent disclosures

relevant to this specification. A current list of patent disclosures relevant to this specification may

be found on the Working Group’s patent disclosure page.

A list of current W3C Recommendations and other technical documents can be found at

http://www.w3.org/TR.

Quick Table of Contents

.................. 51. What is XHTML?

................... 72. Definitions

............. 93. Normative Definition of XHTML 1.0

................ 134. Differences with HTML 4

................. 175. Compatibility Issues

.................... 19A. DTDs

................. 21B. Element Prohibitions

.............. 23C. HTML Compatibility Guidelines

................. 29D. Acknowledgements

................... 31E. References

- 2 -

XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition) Quick Table of Contents

Full Table of Contents

.................. 51. What is XHTML?

................ 51.1. What is HTML 4?

................. 61.2. What is XML?

.............. 61.3. Why the need for XHTML?

................... 72. Definitions

................. 72.1. Terminology

................. 82.2. General Terms

............. 93. Normative Definition of XHTML 1.0

.............. 93.1. Document Conformance

........... 93.1.1. Strictly Conforming Documents

......... 103.1.2. Using XHTML with other namespaces

.............. 113.2. User Agent Conformance

................ 134. Differences with HTML 4

............ 134.1. Documents must be well-formed

........ 134.2. Element and attribute names must be in lower case

......... 134.3. For non-empty elements, end tags are required

........... 144.4. Attribute values must always be quoted

............... 144.5. Attribute Minimization

................ 144.6. Empty Elements

.......... 144.7. White Space handling in attribute values

.............. 154.8. Script and Style elements

................ 154.9. SGML exclusions

......... 154.10. The elements with ’id’ and ’name’ attributes

........... 164.11. Attributes with pre-defined value sets

............ 164.12. Entity references as hex values

................. 175. Compatibility Issues

............... 175.1. Internet Media Type

.................... 19A. DTDs

............. 19A.1. Document Type Definitions

.............. 19A.1.1. XHTML-1.0-Strict

............. 19A.1.2. XHTML-1.0-Transitional

............. 19A.1.3. XHTML-1.0-Frameset

.................. 19A.2. Entity Sets

.............. 19A.2.1. Latin-1 characters

.............. 20A.2.2. Special characters

................. 20A.2.3. Symbols

................. 21B. Element Prohibitions

.............. 23C. HTML Compatibility Guidelines

........ 23C.1. Processing Instructions and the XML Declaration

................ 23C.2. Empty Elements

........ 23C.3. Element Minimization and Empty Element Content

- 3 -

Full Table of ContentsXHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)

1. What is XHTML?

This section is informative.

XHTML is a family of current and future document types and modules that reproduce, subset,

and extend HTML 4 [HTML4 [p.31] ]. XHTML family document types are XML based, and

ultimately are designed to work in conjunction with XML-based user agents. The details of this

family and its evolution are discussed in more detail in [XHTMLMOD [p.32] ].

XHTML 1.0 (this specification) is the first document type in the XHTML family. It is a

reformulation of the three HTML 4 document types as applications of XML 1.0 [XML [p.32] ]. It is

intended to be used as a language for content that is both XML-conforming and, if some simple

guidelines [p.23] are followed, operates in HTML 4 conforming user agents. Developers who

migrate their content to XHTML 1.0 will realize the following benefits:

XHTML documents are XML conforming. As such, they are readily viewed, edited, and

validated with standard XML tools.

XHTML documents can be written to operate as well or better than they did before in

existing HTML 4-conforming user agents as well as in new, XHTML 1.0 conforming user

agents.

XHTML documents can utilize applications (e.g. scripts and applets) that rely upon either

the HTML Document Object Model or the XML Document Object Model [DOM [p.31] ].

As the XHTML family evolves, documents conforming to XHTML 1.0 will be more likely to

interoperate within and among various XHTML environments.

The XHTML family is the next step in the evolution of the Internet. By migrating to XHTML today,

content developers can enter the XML world with all of its attendant benefits, while still

remaining confident in their content’s backward and future compatibility.

1.1. What is HTML 4?

HTML 4 [HTML4 [p.31] ] is an SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language) application

conforming to International Standard ISO 8879, and is widely regarded as the standard

publishing language of the World Wide Web.

SGML is a language for describing markup languages, particularly those used in electronic

document exchange, document management, and document publishing. HTML is an example of

a language defined in SGML.

SGML has been around since the middle 1980’s and has remained quite stable. Much of this

stability stems from the fact that the language is both feature-rich and flexible. This flexibility,

however, comes at a price, and that price is a level of complexity that has inhibited its adoption

in a diversity of environments, including the World Wide Web.

- 5 -

1. What is XHTML?XHTML 1.0: The Extensible HyperText Markup Language (Second Edition)

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