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9899:1999

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### ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) – Programming Language C #### 标准概述 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) 是国际标准化组织 (ISO) 和国际电工委员会 (IEC) 共同发布的一项标准，该标准规定了 C 语言的编程规范及其环境要求。这一版本的标准于1999年发布，并被广泛认为是定义现代 C 语言规范的基础文档之一。 #### 标准结构与内容标准文档由多个章节组成，涵盖了C语言的关键方面： 1. **前言**：提供了关于文档本身的一些背景信息。 2. **引言**：简要介绍了C语言的基本特性和标准的目标。 3. **范围**：定义了标准覆盖的内容范围。 4. **规范性引用文件**：列出了编写本标准时所参考的其他文档。 5. **术语、定义和符号**：为理解标准中的概念提供必要的词汇表。 6. **一致性**：说明如何确保实现与标准的一致性。 7. **环境**： - **概念模型**：描述了翻译环境和执行环境的概念。 - **环境考虑因素**：包括字符集、字符显示语义、信号和中断处理以及环境限制等内容。 #### 语言特征 **第6章** 详细阐述了C语言的核心要素： 1. **符号表示**：介绍了一些基本的符号约定。 2. **概念**：解释了标识符的作用域、链接、命名空间、存储持续期、类型等概念。 3. **转换**：涵盖了算术运算符和其他运算符的转换规则。 4. **词法元素**：包括关键字、标识符、通用字符名、常量、字符串字面量、标点符号、头文件名称、预处理数字和注释等内容。 5. **表达式**：详细说明了各种类型的表达式，如主表达式、后缀操作符、一元操作符、类型转换、乘法操作符、加法操作符、位移操作符、关系操作符、等式操作符、按位与操作符、按位异或操作符、按位或操作符、逻辑与操作符、逻辑或操作符、条件操作符、赋值操作符和逗号操作符等。 6. **常量表达式**：定义了在编译时期必须能计算出其值的表达式的特性。 7. **声明**：涵盖了存储类别指定符、类型指定符、类型限定符、函数指定符、声明符、类型名称、类型定义和初始化等内容。 8. **语句与块**：解释了标记语句、复合语句、表达式语句等概念。 #### 关键知识点详解 1. **概念模型**：本部分定义了翻译环境（translation environment）和执行环境（execution environments），它们是理解程序行为的关键。翻译环境涉及编译过程，而执行环境则涉及程序运行时的行为。 2. **环境考虑因素**： - **字符集**：定义了用于源代码和数据的字符集，这对确保跨平台的兼容性至关重要。 - **字符显示语义**：描述了字符在屏幕或其他输出设备上的显示方式。 - **信号和中断**：讨论了程序如何处理外部信号和中断事件。 - **环境限制**：指定了系统可以支持的最大文件大小、打开文件数量等限制。 3. **语言特征**： - **作用域和链接**：这些概念决定了标识符在程序中的可见性和生命周期。 - **类型和类型转换**：类型系统是C语言的基础，它规定了变量和数据的存储格式及相互之间的转换规则。 - **词法元素**：包括关键字、标识符、常量、字符串字面量等，这些都是构成C语言语法的基本单位。 - **表达式和语句**：涵盖了各种类型的表达式和控制结构，如条件语句、循环语句等。 ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) 标准不仅详细规定了C语言的基本语法和语义，还深入探讨了与之相关的环境因素和技术细节，对于学习和开发C语言的应用具有重要的指导意义。

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©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)

Contents

Foreword ............................. xi

Introduction ............................ xiv

1. Scope ............................. 1

2. Normative references ....................... 2

3. Terms, deﬁnitions, and symbols ................... 3

4. Conformance .......................... 7

5. Environment .......................... 9

5.1 Conceptual models ..................... 9

5.1.1 Translation environment ................ 9

5.1.2 Execution environments ................ 11

5.2 Environmental considerations ................. 17

5.2.1 Character sets .................... 17

5.2.2 Character display semantics .............. 19

5.2.3 Signals and interrupts ................. 20

5.2.4 Environmental limits ................. 20

6. Language ............................ 29

6.1 Notation .......................... 29

6.2 Concepts ......................... 29

6.2.1 Scopes of identiﬁers ................. 29

6.2.2 Linkages of identiﬁers ................. 30

6.2.3 Name spaces of identiﬁers ............... 31

6.2.4 Storage durations of objects .............. 32

6.2.5 Types ....................... 33

6.2.6 Representations of types ................ 37

6.2.7 Compatible type and composite type ........... 40

6.3 Conversions ........................ 42

6.3.1 Arithmetic operands ................. 42

6.3.2 Other operands ................... 46

6.4 Lexical elements ...................... 49

6.4.1 Keywords ...................... 50

6.4.2 Identiﬁers ...................... 51

6.4.3 Universal character names ............... 53

6.4.4 Constants ...................... 54

6.4.5 String literals .................... 62

6.4.6 Punctuators ..................... 63

6.4.7 Header names .................... 64

6.4.8 Preprocessing numbers ................ 65

6.4.9 Comments ..................... 66

6.5 Expressions ........................ 67

Contents iii

ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC

6.5.1 Primary expressions ................. 69

6.5.2 Postﬁx operators ................... 69

6.5.3 Unary operators ................... 78

6.5.4 Cast operators .................... 81

6.5.5 Multiplicative operators ................ 82

6.5.6 Additive operators .................. 82

6.5.7 Bitwise shift operators ................. 84

6.5.8 Relational operators .................. 85

6.5.9 Equality operators .................. 86

6.5.10 Bitwise

AND operator ................. 87

6.5.11 Bitwise exclusive

OR operator ............. 88

6.5.12 Bitwise inclusive

OR operator .............. 88

6.5.13 Logical

AND operator ................. 89

6.5.14 Logical

OR operator ................. 89

6.5.15 Conditional operator ................. 90

6.5.16 Assignment operators ................. 91

6.5.17 Comma operator ................... 94

6.6 Constant expressions ..................... 95

6.7 Declarations ........................ 97

6.7.1 Storage-class speciﬁers ................ 98

6.7.2 Type speciﬁers .................... 99

6.7.3 Type qualiﬁers ....................108

6.7.4 Function speciﬁers ..................112

6.7.5 Declarators .....................114

6.7.6 Type names .....................122

6.7.7 Type deﬁnitions ...................123

6.7.8 Initialization ....................125

6.8 Statements and blocks ....................131

6.8.1 Labeled statements ..................131

6.8.2 Compound statement .................132

6.8.3 Expression and null statements .............132

6.8.4 Selection statements .................133

6.8.5 Iteration statements ..................135

6.8.6 Jump statements ...................136

6.9 External deﬁnitions .....................140

6.9.1 Function deﬁnitions ..................141

6.9.2 External object deﬁnitions ...............143

6.10 Preprocessing directives ...................145

6.10.1 Conditional inclusion .................147

6.10.2 Source ﬁle inclusion .................149

6.10.3 Macro replacement ..................151

6.10.4 Line control .....................158

6.10.5 Error directive ....................159

6.10.6 Pragma directive ...................159

iv Contents

©ISO/IEC ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)

6.10.7 Null directive ....................160

6.10.8 Predeﬁned macro names ................160

6.10.9 Pragma operator ...................161

6.11 Future language directions ..................163

6.11.1 Floating types ....................163

6.11.2 Linkages of identiﬁers .................163

6.11.3 External names ...................163

6.11.4 Character escape sequences ..............163

6.11.5 Storage-class speciﬁers ................163

6.11.6 Function declarators .................163

6.11.7 Function deﬁnitions ..................163

6.11.8 Pragma directives ..................163

6.11.9 Predeﬁned macro names ................163

7. Library .............................164

7.1 Introduction ........................164

7.1.1 Deﬁnitions of terms ..................164

7.1.2 Standard headers ...................165

7.1.3 Reserved identiﬁers ..................166

7.1.4 Use of library functions ................166

7.2 Diagnostics <assert.h> ..................169

7.2.1 Program diagnostics .................169

7.3 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ..............170

7.3.1 Introduction .....................170

7.3.2 Conventions .....................171

7.3.3 Branch cuts .....................171

7.3.4 The CX_LIMITED_RANGE pragma ...........171

7.3.5 Trigonometric functions ................172

7.3.6 Hyperbolic functions .................174

7.3.7 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........176

7.3.8 Power and absolute-value functions ...........177

7.3.9 Manipulation functions ................178

7.4 Character handling <ctype.h> ................181

7.4.1 Character classiﬁcation functions ............181

7.4.2 Character case mapping functions ............184

7.5 Errors <errno.h> .....................186

7.6 Floating-point environment <fenv.h> .............187

7.6.1 The FENV_ACCESS pragma ..............189

7.6.2 Floating-point exceptions ...............190

7.6.3 Rounding ......................192

7.6.4 Environment ....................194

7.7 Characteristics of ﬂoating types <float.h> ...........196

7.8 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ........197

7.8.1 Macros for format speciﬁers ..............197

7.8.2 Functions for greatest-width integer types .........198

Contents v

ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E) ©ISO/IEC

7.9 Alternative spellings <iso646.h> ...............201

7.10 Sizes of integer types <limits.h> ..............202

7.11 Localization <locale.h> ..................203

7.11.1 Locale control ....................204

7.11.2 Numeric formatting convention inquiry ..........205

7.12 Mathematics <math.h> ...................211

7.12.1 Treatment of error conditions ..............213

7.12.2 The FP_CONTRACT pragma ..............214

7.12.3 Classiﬁcation macros .................215

7.12.4 Trigonometric functions ................217

7.12.5 Hyperbolic functions .................220

7.12.6 Exponential and logarithmic functions ..........222

7.12.7 Power and absolute-value functions ...........227

7.12.8 Error and gamma functions ...............229

7.12.9 Nearest integer functions ................230

7.12.10 Remainder functions .................234

7.12.11 Manipulation functions ................235

7.12.12 Maximum, minimum, and positive difference functions ...237

7.12.13 Floating multiply-add .................238

7.12.14 Comparison macros ..................239

7.13 Nonlocal jumps <setjmp.h> ................242

7.13.1 Save calling environment ...............242

7.13.2 Restore calling environment ..............243

7.14 Signal handling <signal.h> .................245

7.14.1 Specify signal handling ................246

7.14.2 Send signal .....................247

7.15 Variable arguments <stdarg.h> ...............248

7.15.1 Variable argument list access macros ...........248

7.16 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> ............252

7.17 Common deﬁnitions <stddef.h> ...............253

7.18 Integer types <stdint.h> ..................254

7.18.1 Integer types ....................254

7.18.2 Limits of speciﬁed-width integer types ..........256

7.18.3 Limits of other integer types ..............258

7.18.4 Macros for integer constants ..............259

7.19 Input/output <stdio.h> ..................261

7.19.1 Introduction .....................261

7.19.2 Streams ......................263

7.19.3 Files ........................265

7.19.4 Operations on ﬁles ..................267

7.19.5 File access functions .................269

7.19.6 Formatted input/output functions ............273

7.19.7 Character input/output functions .............294

7.19.8 Direct input/output functions ..............299

vi Contents

7.19.9 File positioning functions ...............300

7.19.10 Error-handling functions ................303

7.20 General utilities <stdlib.h> ................305

7.20.1 Numeric conversion functions ..............306

7.20.2 Pseudo-random sequence generation functions .......311

7.20.3 Memory management functions .............312

7.20.4 Communication with the environment ..........314

7.20.5 Searching and sorting utilities ..............317

7.20.6 Integer arithmetic functions ..............319

7.20.7 Multibyte/wide character conversion functions .......320

7.20.8 Multibyte/wide string conversion functions ........322

7.21 String handling <string.h> .................324

7.21.1 String function conventions ...............324

7.21.2 Copying functions ..................324

7.21.3 Concatenation functions ................326

7.21.4 Comparison functions .................327

7.21.5 Search functions ...................329

7.21.6 Miscellaneous functions ................332

7.22 Type-generic math <tgmath.h> ...............334

7.23 Date and time <time.h> ..................337

7.23.1 Components of time .................337

7.23.2 Time manipulation functions ..............338

7.23.3 Time conversion functions ...............340

7.24 Extended multibyte and wide character utilities <wchar.h> .....347

7.24.1 Introduction .....................347

7.24.2 Formatted wide character input/output functions ......348

7.24.3 Wide character input/output functions ..........366

7.24.4 General wide string utilities ..............370

7.24.5 Wide character time conversion functions .........384

7.24.6 Extended multibyte/wide character conversion utilities ....385

7.25 Wide character classiﬁcation and mapping utilities <wctype.h> ...392

7.25.1 Introduction .....................392

7.25.2 Wide character classiﬁcation utilities ...........393

7.25.3 Wide character case mapping utilities ...........398

7.26 Future library directions ...................400

7.26.1 Complex arithmetic <complex.h> ...........400

7.26.2 Character handling <ctype.h> ............400

7.26.3 Errors <errno.h> .................400

7.26.4 Format conversion of integer types <inttypes.h> ....400

7.26.5 Localization <locale.h> ..............400

7.26.6 Signal handling <signal.h> .............400

7.26.7 Boolean type and values <stdbool.h> .........400

7.26.8 Integer types <stdint.h> ..............400

7.26.9 Input/output <stdio.h> ...............401

Contents vii

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norris-young

2023-03-08

很好,看看一些经典的c语言题的官方定义

ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (E)

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