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在当前的编程语言领域中，Java 无疑是最受欢迎的编程语言之一。由于其强大的社区支持、广泛的应用范围以及企业级应用的稳定性，Java 已经成为了许多公司的技术栈核心。根据文中的描述，Java 相关的工作需求在美国持续增长，根据数据目前有超过20,000个职位需要具备 Java 编程知识的候选人。因此，为了准确评估求职者的 Java 技能，开发一个具有权威性和科学性的 Java 面试评估框架变得尤为重要。目前的技术招聘现状是，招聘者常常将简历作为技能水平的代理，这种方法导致了招聘和评估过程中的偏见和效率低下。尽管一些前瞻性的公司已经开始使用自动化评估工具来创建他们自己的测试，作为面试流程的第一个步骤，但这种方法存在两大问题。创建这些评估的内部团队不是测试设计方面的专家，这可能导致创建出不符合平等就业机会委员会（EEOC）规定的测试，或者过分强调某些技能，而忽视了其他可能对职位至关重要的技能。内部团队投入大量时间创建这些评估后，这些评估很多最终被发布在诸如 Glassdoor 和 Stack Overflow 等网站上，这使得测试结果的有效性变得值得质疑。针对这一挑战，本文提出了一种名为 JavaSCA（Specialized Coding Assessment）的框架，旨在创建标准化测试来衡量 Java 编程技能和知识。基于研究确保这些测试具有高度的一致性和遵守 EEOC 的规定。此外，基于框架的测试使得可以大规模地创建题库，所有题目都遵循相同的指导方针。每次测试执行时，可以随机从题库中选择题目，从而降低考生提前记忆题目而获得不公平优势的风险。 JavaSCA 框架的设计不仅帮助了招聘人员了解求职者的能力，同时也为求职者和教育者提供了一种快速了解测试者技能的途径。它能够测量每位测试者的代码编写和调试能力，进而提供一个全面的评估结果。在介绍 JavaSCA 框架的同时，文章指出，当前的教育资源越来越丰富，有关掌握 Java 的教育资料层出不穷。这为框架的建立提供了坚实的基础，使得标准化测试更加科学和有效。总体来看，JavaSCA 框架的创建，意图超越简历评估，直接衡量求职者在 Java 编程上的实际能力。这不仅对技术招聘行业具有重大意义，而且对于教育者和求职者自身来说也是一个宝贵的学习和自我评估工具。通过这种方式，Java 技术社区可以朝着更加高效和公正的方向发展。

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Java Core Assessment Framework

Suren Gishyan and Albert Sahakyan

Abstract—At a time when educational resources for masterin g Java are increasingly abundant [1][2][3], when Java is

considered one of the most popular programming languages [4] and when there are 20,000 [5] open jobs in the US (and

growing) that require familiarity with Java programming, the need for a well-researched framework dening how to assess

Java skill is greater than ever. This paper proposes such a framework with the aim of enabling direct measurement of

modern Java (Java 8 SE) development skill and helping the tec hn ic al recruitment industry go beyond resumes in assessing

this specic area of software development.

1Introduction

he status quo in today’s technical recruiting pro-

cess is to use resume as a proxy for skill, which

leads to biased, inecient recruiting and evaluation

practices. Some forward-looking companies are us-

ing automated assessment tools to create their own

tests, which they send to candidates as the rst step

of the interview process. However, there are two ma-

jor problems with that approach. Firstly, the internal

teams creating these assessments are not experts in

test design, which may lead to creation of tests that

are not EEOC-compliant, or focus too much on some

skills that might not be as important for the rol e while

neglecting others that could be critical. Secondly, after

internal teams spend a substantial amount of time

creating these assessments, many of these assessments

are eventually p osted online on sites like Glassdoor and

Stack Overow, making the validity of the test results

questionable.

The Java SCA (Speciali ze d Coding Assessment) frame-

work described in this paper can be used to create stan-

dardized tests to measure Java programming skills and

knowledge. The tests are based on research that ensur es

they are highly c onsistent and EEOC-compliant. In ad-

dition, basing the test on a framework allows the SCA to

be scaled with a large p ool of questions that adhere to

the same guidelines. On each test administration, ques-

tions can be randomly selected from the pool, reducing

the risk that a test-taker gains an unfair advantage by

memorizing the questions in advance.

The Coding Score obtained from the test is a singular

measure meant to give recruiters, hiring managers and

educators – as well as the test-takers themselves – a

quick view of the test-taker’s skills. It measures each

test taker’s code-writing and debugging skills as well

as knowledge of Java. The test should be administered

in a proctored env ironment, and the solutions should

be automatically checked for plagiarism.

In the next sec tion we will discuss which topics are cov-

ered and will draw guidelines for creating tasks based

on the framework. After war ds, we will dive deeper

into the reasoning of creating the framework and later

discuss the possibl e outcomes and scoring of the test.

More details on how Coding Score is calculated can

be found in the paper for General Coding Assessment

Framework [6].

2TheFramework

The maximum allowed completion time for the test

is 80 minutes. Each test has 4 implementation tasks

and 16 multiple choice quiz questions; in total, ther e

are 20 tasks. Each test contains an implementation

task (requires writing at least 25-40 lines of c ode,

but the description clearly explains what needs to be

done), a bugxtask(checkingdebuggingabilities),two

recovery tasks (meant to assess a deeper understanding

of the Java language by enforcing limitations on code

changes), and 16 quiz tasks grouped into 4 categories

by topics, with each topic containing 4 tasks.

2.1 Topics

The test will cover the following 10 topics of Java 8 SE.

1) Java Basics

Platform independence, main meth od and its argu-

ments, command line, import statement, primitive

data types, primitive data type casting, object ref-

erence variables vs primitive variables, loops (for,

while), decision constructs(if/else, switch), arrays.

2) Strings

Java strings, StringBuilder and StringBuer classes.

Strings as immutable types. Storing strings in

String Pool and in Heap.

3) Encapsulation

Classes, methods, access modiers, construc-

tors, default constructors, constructors overload-

ing, methods overloading, this keyword (2 usages),

static methods and elds, nal classes, meth ods

and elds.

4) Inheritance

Inheritance concept, polymorphism, super keyword

(use of super with constructors, methods and vari-

ables), method overriding, abstract classes, inter-

faces, @override annotation, Object class, enumer-

ations.

5) Inner Classes

Inner classes, static inner classes, local classes,

nested classes, anonymous inner classes.

6) Exception Handling in Java

Checked/unchecked exceptions, errors, asserts,

try/catch/nally block, throw keyword, throws

keyword.

7) Generics and Collections

Generic classes, wildcards, lower and upper

bounds, collections, iterators, sets, lists, maps,

comparators, streams, lters.

8) Lambda expressions

Lambda expressions, functional interfaces, target

types.

9) Java I/O

Console input/output, File class, Path class,

streams, buered input/output.

10) Multithreading

Runnable interface, Thread class, concurrency,

synchronized methods and blocks, locks, Reen-

trantLock, concurr ent collections.

2.2 Implementation tasks

The 1st task

The expected time for sol v ing this task is 20 minutes.

This is a code-writing task meant to assess the test-

taker’s implementation skill.

Expected knowledge

• Working with primitive data types.

• Working with loops and decision constructs.

• Working with strings.

• Working with arrays, lists, sets and other collections.

• Working with les.

• Working with generics.

• Working with inner local classes.

• Working with threads.

• Working with exceptions.

3 Can Include

• Tasks that r eq uir e multiple language-specicskills.

• Tasks that r eq uir e basic math knowledge.

• Tasks that require straightforwar d implementation of

an algorithm described in the question.

7 Should Exclude

• Anything that requires deep math knowledge.

• Anything that requires mor e than 100 lines of source

code.

• Anything that requires the knowl edge of comp l ex

algorithms.

Example 2.2.1.

Given 2 strings, source and target, nd out if it’s possible

to get the tar get string from the source string if you can

make only one of th ese operations:

1) Replace one ch aracter in source with any other

character.

2) Remove any character from source.

3) Swap any adjacent characters in source.

1 public static boolean canTransform(String source, String

target) {,!

2 //Checking the cases of "replace" and "swap"

3 if (source.length() == target.length()) {

4 int equalChars = 0;

5 boolean equalAfterSwap = false;

6 for (int i = 0; i < source.length(); i++) {

7 if (source.charAt(i) == target.charAt(i)) {

8 ++equalChars;

9 } else {

10 /

Checking if swapping adjacent characters of

source will,!

11 make them equal to target's corresponding

characters

/,!

12 if (!equalAfterSwap && i != source.length() - 1

&&,!

13 source.charAt(i) == target.charAt(i + 1) &&

14 source.charAt(i + 1) == target.charAt(i)) {

15 equalAfterSwap = true;

16 }

17 }

18 }

19 //"Replace" case

20 if (equalChars == target.length() - 1) {

21 return true;

22 }

23 //"Swap" case

if (equalChars == target.length() - 2 &&

equalAfterSwap) {,!

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