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ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
ISO/IEC
14882
Second edition
2003-10-15
Programming languages — C++
Langages de programmation — C++
Adopted by INCITS (InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards) as an American National Standard.
Date of ANSI Approval: 12/29/2003
Published by American National Standards Institute,
25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036
Copyright 2003 by Information Technology Industry Council (ITI).
All rights reserved.
These materials are subject to copyright claims of International Standardization Organization (ISO), International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), and Information Technology Industry Council
(ITI). Not for resale. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, including an electronic retrieval system, without
the prior written permission of ITI. All requests pertaining to this standard should be submitted to ITI, 1250 Eye Street NW,
Washington, DC 20005.
Printed in the United States of America
© ISO/IEC 2003
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
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ii
© ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
© ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved iii
Contents
1 General ........................................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Scope........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Normative references ...............................................................................................................................1
1.3 Terms and definitions .........................................................................................................................................1
1.3.1 argument ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.3.2 diagnostic message ...............................................................................................................................2
1.3.3 dynamic type .........................................................................................................................................2
1.3.4 ill-formed program................................................................................................................................2
1.3.5 implementation-defined behavior .........................................................................................................2
1.3.6 implementation limits ...........................................................................................................................2
1.3.7 locale-specific behavior ........................................................................................................................2
1.3.8 multibyte character ...............................................................................................................................2
1.3.9 parameter ..............................................................................................................................................2
1.3.10 signature ..............................................................................................................................................2
1.3.11 static type ............................................................................................................................................2
1.3.12 undefined behavior .............................................................................................................................2
1.3.13 unspecified behavior ...........................................................................................................................3
1.3.14 well-formed program ..........................................................................................................................3
1.4 Implementation compliance.....................................................................................................................3
1.5 Structure of this International Standard ...................................................................................................4
1.6 Syntax notation ........................................................................................................................................4
1.7 The C + + memory model ...........................................................................................................................4
1.8 The C + + object model ..............................................................................................................................4
1.9 Program execution ...................................................................................................................................5
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
iv © ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved
1.10 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................8
2 Lexical conventions ....................................................................................................................................9
2.1 Phases of translation ................................................................................................................................9
2.2 Character sets .........................................................................................................................................10
2.3 Trigraph sequences ................................................................................................................................11
2.4 Preprocessing tokens .............................................................................................................................11
2.5 Alternative tokens ..................................................................................................................................12
2.6 Tokens....................................................................................................................................................12
2.7 Comments ..............................................................................................................................................12
2.8 Header names .........................................................................................................................................13
2.9 Preprocessing numbers ..........................................................................................................................13
2.10 Identifiers .............................................................................................................................................13
2.11 Keywords .............................................................................................................................................14
2.12 Operators and punctuators ...................................................................................................................15
2.13 Literals .................................................................................................................................................15
2.13.1 Integer literals ...................................................................................................................................15
2.13.2 Character literals ...............................................................................................................................16
2.13.3 Floating literals .................................................................................................................................18
2.13.4 String literals .....................................................................................................................................19
2.13.5 Boolean literals .................................................................................................................................19
3 Basic concepts ..........................................................................................................................................21
3.1 Declarations and definitions ..................................................................................................................21
3.2 One definition rule .................................................................................................................................22
3.3 Declarative regions and scopes ..............................................................................................................24
3.3.1 Point of declaration .............................................................................................................................25
3.3.2 Local scope .........................................................................................................................................26
3.3.3 Function prototype scope ....................................................................................................................26
3.3.4 Function scope ....................................................................................................................................27
3.3.5 Namespace scope ................................................................................................................................27
3.3.6 Class scope..........................................................................................................................................27
3.3.7 Name hiding........................................................................................................................................28
3.4 Name lookup ..........................................................................................................................................29
3.4.1 Unqualified name lookup ...................................................................................................................29
3.4.2 Argument-dependent name lookup .....................................................................................................32
3.4.3 Qualified name lookup .......................................................................................................................34
ISO/IEC 14882:2003(E)
© ISO/IEC 2003 — All rights reserved v
3.4.3.1 Class members .................................................................................................................................35
3.4.3.2 Namespace members .......................................................................................................................35
3.4.4 Elaborated type specifiers ...................................................................................................................39
3.4.5 Class member access ..........................................................................................................................40
3.4.6 Using-directives and namespace aliases .............................................................................................41
3.5 Program and linkage ..............................................................................................................................41
3.6 Start and termination..............................................................................................................................43
3.6.1 Main function......................................................................................................................................43
3.6.2 Initialization of non-local objects .......................................................................................................44
3.6.3 Termination.........................................................................................................................................45
3.7 Storage duration .....................................................................................................................................46
3.7.1 Static storage duration ........................................................................................................................46
3.7.2 Automatic storage duration.................................................................................................................46
3.7.3 Dynamic storage duration ...................................................................................................................47
3.7.3.1 Allocation functions.........................................................................................................................47
3.7.3.2 Deallocation functions .....................................................................................................................48
3.7.4 Duration of sub-objects.......................................................................................................................48
3.8 Object Lifetime ......................................................................................................................................49
3.9 Types......................................................................................................................................................52
3.9.1 Fundamental types ..............................................................................................................................53
3.9.2 Compound types .................................................................................................................................55
3.9.3 CV-qualifiers ......................................................................................................................................55
3.10 Lvalues and rvalues .............................................................................................................................56
4 Standard conversions ................................................................................................................................59
4.1 Lvalue-to-rvalue conversion ..................................................................................................................59
4.2 Array-to-pointer conversion ..................................................................................................................60
4.3 Function-to-pointer conversion .............................................................................................................60
4.4 Qualification conversions ......................................................................................................................60
4.5 Integral promotions ................................................................................................................................61
4.6 Floating point promotion .......................................................................................................................61
4.7 Integral conversions ...............................................................................................................................62
4.8 Floating point conversions .....................................................................................................................62
4.9 Floating-integral conversions ................................................................................................................62
4.10 Pointer conversions ..............................................................................................................................62
4.11 Pointer to member conversions ...........................................................................................................63
