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The Art of Unix Programming

Eric Steven Raymond

Thyrsus Enterprises

<[email protected]>

Revision History

Revision 0.0 1999 esr

Public HTML draft, first four chapters only.

Revision 0.1 16 November 2002 esr

First DocBook draft, fifteen chapters. Released to Mark Taub at AW.

Revision 0.2 2 January 2003 esr

First manuscript walkthrough at Chapter 7. Released to Dmitry Kirsanov at AW production.

Revision 0.3 22 January 2003 esr

First eighteen-chapter draft. Manuscript walkthrough at Chapter 12. Limited release for early

reviewers.

Revision 0.4 5 February 2003 esr

Release for public review.

Dedication

To Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, because you inspired me.

Table of Contents

Requests for reviewers and copy-editors

Preface

Who Should Read This Book

How To Use This Book

Related References

Conventions Used In This Book

Our Case Studies

Author’s Acknowledgements

I. Context

1. Philosophy

Culture? What culture?

The durability of Unix

The case against learning Unix culture

What Unix gets wrong

What Unix gets right

Open-source software

Cross-platform portability and open standards

The Internet

The open-source community

Flexibility in depth

Unix is fun to hack

The lessons of Unix can be applied elsewhere

Basics of the Unix philosophy

Rule of Modularity: Write simple parts connected by clean interfaces.

Rule of Composition: Design programs to be connected with other programs.

Rule of Clarity: Clarity is better than cleverness.

Rule of Simplicity: Design for simplicity; add complexity only where you must.

Rule of Transparency: Design for visibility to make inspection and debugging easier.

Rule of Robustness: Robustness is the child of transparency and simplicity.

Rule of Least Surprise: In interface design, always do the least surprising thing.

Rule of Repair: Repair what you can — but when you must fail, fail noisily and as soon

as possible.

Rule of Economy: Programmer time is expensive; conserve it in preference to machine

time.

Rule of Generation: Avoid hand-hacking; write programs to write programs when you

can.

Rule of Representation: Use smart data so program logic can be stupid and robust.

Rule of Separation: Separate policy from mechanism; separate interfaces from engines.

Rule of Optimization: Prototype before polishing. Get it working before you optimize

it.

Rule of Diversity: Distrust all claims for one true way.

Rule of Extensibility: Design for the future, because it will be here sooner than you

think.

The Unix philosophy in one lesson

Applying the Unix philosophy

Attitude matters too

2. History

Origins and history of Unix, 1969-1995

Genesis: 1969-1971

Exodus: 1971-1980

TCP/IP and the Unix Wars: 1980-1990

Blows against the empire: 1991-1995

Origins and history of the hackers, 1961-1995

At play in the groves of academe: 1961-1980

Internet fusion and the Free Software Movement: 1981-1991

Linux and the pragmatist reaction: 1991-1998

The open-source movement: 1998 and onward.

The lessons of Unix history

3. Contrasts

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