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PostScript LANGUAGE REFERENCE third edition
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PostScript LANGUAGE REFERENCE third edition
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Addison-Wesley Publishing Company
Reading, Massachusetts • Menlo Park, California • New York • Don Mills, Ontario
Harlow, England • Amsterdam • Bonn • Sydney • Singapore • Tokyo
Madrid • San Juan • Paris • Seoul • Milan • Mexico City • Taipei
Adobe Systems Incorporated
PostScript
®
LANGUAGE REFERENCE
third edition
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
PostScript language reference manual / Adobe Systems Incorporated. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-201-37922-8
1. PostScript (Computer program language) I. Adobe Systems.
QA76.73.P67 P67 1999
005.13'3—dc21 98-55489
CIP
© 1985–1999 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.
NOTICE: All information contained herein is the property of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
No part of this publication (whether in hardcopy or electronic form) may be reproduced
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of the publisher.
PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated. All instances of the
name PostScript in the text are references to the PostScript language as defined by Adobe
Systems Incorporated unless otherwise stated. The name PostScript also is used as a prod-
uct trademark for Adobe Systems’ implementation of the PostScript language interpreter.
Except as otherwise stated, any mention of a “PostScript printer,” “PostScript software,” or
similar item refers to a product that contains PostScript technology created or licensed by
Adobe Systems Incorporated, not to one that purports to be merely compatible.
Adobe, Adobe Illustrator, Adobe Type Manager, Chameleon, Display PostScript, Frame-
Maker, Minion, Myriad, Photoshop, PostScript, PostScript 3, and the PostScript logo are
trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. LocalTalk, QuickDraw, and TrueType are
trademarks and Mac OS is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc. Helvetica and
Times are registered trademarks of Linotype-Hell AG and/or its subsidiaries. Times New
Roman is a trademark of The Monotype Corporation registered in the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office and may be registered in certain other jurisdictions. Unicode is a regis-
tered trademark of Unicode, Inc. PANTONE is a registered trademark and Hexachrome is
a trademark of Pantone, Inc. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
This publication and the information herein are furnished AS IS, are subject to change
without notice, and should not be construed as a commitment by Adobe Systems Incorpo-
rated. Adobe Systems Incorporated assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or
inaccuracies, makes no warranty of any kind (express, implied, or statutory) with respect
to this publication, and expressly disclaims any and all warranties of merchantability, fit-
ness for particular purposes, and noninfringement of third-party rights.
ISBN 0-201-37922-8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 CRS 03 02 01 00 99
First printing February 1999
iii
Contents
Preface
xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
1.1 About This Book 3
1.2 Evolution of the PostScript Language 5
1.3 LanguageLevel 3 Overview 6
1.4 Related Publications 7
1.5 Copyrights and Trademarks 9
Chapter 2: Basic Ideas
11
2.1 Raster Output Devices 11
2.2 Scan Conversion 12
2.3 Page Description Languages 13
2.4 Using the PostScript Language 15
Chapter 3: Language
23
3.1 Interpreter 24
3.2 Syntax 25
3.3 Data Types and Objects 34
3.4 Stacks 45
3.5 Execution 46
3.6 Overview of Basic Operators 51
3.7 Memory Management 56
3.8 File Input and Output 73
3.9 Named Resources 87
3.10 Functions 106
3.11 Errors 114
3.12 Early Name Binding 117
3.13 Filtered Files Details 123
3.14 Binary Encoding Details 156
Chapter 4: Graphics
175
4.1 Imaging Model 176
4.2 Graphics State 178
4.3 Coordinate Systems and Transformations 182
Contents
iv
4.4 Path Construction 189
4.5 Painting 193
4.6 User Paths 197
4.7 Forms 206
4.8 Color Spaces 210
4.9 Patterns 248
4.10 Images 288
Chapter 5: Fonts
313
5.1 Organization and Use of Fonts 313
5.2 Font Dictionaries 321
5.3 Character Encoding 328
5.4 Glyph Metric Information 331
5.5 Font Cache 333
5.6 Unique ID Generation 335
5.7 Type 3 Fonts 337
5.8 Additional Base Font Types 343
5.9 Font Derivation and Modification 348
5.10 Composite Fonts 357
5.11 CID-Keyed Fonts 364
Chapter 6: Device Control
391
6.1 Using Page Devices 393
6.2 Page Device Parameters 398
6.3 In-RIP Trapping 439
6.4 Output Device Dictionary 455
Chapter 7: Rendering
457
7.1 CIE-Based Color to Device Color 459
7.2 Conversions among Device Color Spaces 473
7.3 Transfer Functions 478
7.4 Halftones 480
7.5 Scan Conversion Details 501
Chapter 8: Operators
505
8.1 Operator Summary 508
8.2 Operator Details 524
Appendix A: LanguageLevel Feature Summary
725
A.1 LanguageLevel 3 Features 725
A.2 LanguageLevel 2 Features 731
A.3 Incompatibilities 735
Contents
v
Appendix B: Implementation Limits
737
B.1 Typical Limits 738
B.2 Virtual Memory Use 742
Appendix C: Interpreter Parameters
745
C.1 Properties of User and System Parameters 746
C.2 Defined User and System Parameters 749
C.3 Details of User and System Parameters 753
C.4 Device Parameters 760
Appendix D: Compatibility Strategies
761
D.1 The LanguageLevel Approach 761
D.2 When to Provide Compatibility 763
D.3 Compatibility Techniques 765
D.4 Installing Emulations 769
Appendix E: Character Sets and Encoding Vectors
773
E.1 Times Family 775
E.2 Helvetica Family 776
E.3 Courier Family 777
E.4 Symbol 778
E.5 Standard Latin Character Set 779
E.6 StandardEncoding Encoding Vector 784
E.7 ISOLatin1Encoding Encoding Vector 785
E.8 CE Encoding Vector 786
E.9 Expert Character Set 787
E.10 Expert Encoding Vector 790
E.11 ExpertSubset Encoding Vector 791
E.12 Symbol Character Set 792
E.13 Symbol Encoding Vector 794
Appendix F: System Name Encodings
795
Appendix G: Operator Usage Guidelines
801
Bibliography
811
INDEX
817
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