# Async.js
[![Build Status via Travis CI](https://travis-ci.org/caolan/async.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/caolan/async)
Async is a utility module which provides straight-forward, powerful functions
for working with asynchronous JavaScript. Although originally designed for
use with [Node.js](http://nodejs.org), it can also be used directly in the
browser. Also supports [component](https://github.com/component/component).
Async provides around 20 functions that include the usual 'functional'
suspects (`map`, `reduce`, `filter`, `each`…) as well as some common patterns
for asynchronous control flow (`parallel`, `series`, `waterfall`…). All these
functions assume you follow the Node.js convention of providing a single
callback as the last argument of your `async` function.
## Quick Examples
```javascript
async.map(['file1','file2','file3'], fs.stat, function(err, results){
// results is now an array of stats for each file
});
async.filter(['file1','file2','file3'], fs.exists, function(results){
// results now equals an array of the existing files
});
async.parallel([
function(){ ... },
function(){ ... }
], callback);
async.series([
function(){ ... },
function(){ ... }
]);
```
There are many more functions available so take a look at the docs below for a
full list. This module aims to be comprehensive, so if you feel anything is
missing please create a GitHub issue for it.
## Common Pitfalls
### Binding a context to an iterator
This section is really about `bind`, not about `async`. If you are wondering how to
make `async` execute your iterators in a given context, or are confused as to why
a method of another library isn't working as an iterator, study this example:
```js
// Here is a simple object with an (unnecessarily roundabout) squaring method
var AsyncSquaringLibrary = {
squareExponent: 2,
square: function(number, callback){
var result = Math.pow(number, this.squareExponent);
setTimeout(function(){
callback(null, result);
}, 200);
}
};
async.map([1, 2, 3], AsyncSquaringLibrary.square, function(err, result){
// result is [NaN, NaN, NaN]
// This fails because the `this.squareExponent` expression in the square
// function is not evaluated in the context of AsyncSquaringLibrary, and is
// therefore undefined.
});
async.map([1, 2, 3], AsyncSquaringLibrary.square.bind(AsyncSquaringLibrary), function(err, result){
// result is [1, 4, 9]
// With the help of bind we can attach a context to the iterator before
// passing it to async. Now the square function will be executed in its
// 'home' AsyncSquaringLibrary context and the value of `this.squareExponent`
// will be as expected.
});
```
## Download
The source is available for download from
[GitHub](http://github.com/caolan/async).
Alternatively, you can install using Node Package Manager (`npm`):
npm install async
__Development:__ [async.js](https://github.com/caolan/async/raw/master/lib/async.js) - 29.6kb Uncompressed
## In the Browser
So far it's been tested in IE6, IE7, IE8, FF3.6 and Chrome 5.
Usage:
```html
<script type="text/javascript" src="async.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
async.map(data, asyncProcess, function(err, results){
alert(results);
});
</script>
```
## Documentation
### Collections
* [`each`](#each)
* [`eachSeries`](#eachSeries)
* [`eachLimit`](#eachLimit)
* [`map`](#map)
* [`mapSeries`](#mapSeries)
* [`mapLimit`](#mapLimit)
* [`filter`](#filter)
* [`filterSeries`](#filterSeries)
* [`reject`](#reject)
* [`rejectSeries`](#rejectSeries)
* [`reduce`](#reduce)
* [`reduceRight`](#reduceRight)
* [`detect`](#detect)
* [`detectSeries`](#detectSeries)
* [`sortBy`](#sortBy)
* [`some`](#some)
* [`every`](#every)
* [`concat`](#concat)
* [`concatSeries`](#concatSeries)
### Control Flow
* [`series`](#seriestasks-callback)
* [`parallel`](#parallel)
* [`parallelLimit`](#parallellimittasks-limit-callback)
* [`whilst`](#whilst)
* [`doWhilst`](#doWhilst)
* [`until`](#until)
* [`doUntil`](#doUntil)
* [`forever`](#forever)
* [`waterfall`](#waterfall)
* [`compose`](#compose)
* [`seq`](#seq)
* [`applyEach`](#applyEach)
* [`applyEachSeries`](#applyEachSeries)
* [`queue`](#queue)
* [`priorityQueue`](#priorityQueue)
* [`cargo`](#cargo)
* [`auto`](#auto)
* [`retry`](#retry)
* [`iterator`](#iterator)
* [`apply`](#apply)
* [`nextTick`](#nextTick)
* [`times`](#times)
* [`timesSeries`](#timesSeries)
### Utils
* [`memoize`](#memoize)
* [`unmemoize`](#unmemoize)
* [`log`](#log)
* [`dir`](#dir)
* [`noConflict`](#noConflict)
## Collections
<a name="forEach" />
<a name="each" />
### each(arr, iterator, callback)
Applies the function `iterator` to each item in `arr`, in parallel.
The `iterator` is called with an item from the list, and a callback for when it
has finished. If the `iterator` passes an error to its `callback`, the main
`callback` (for the `each` function) is immediately called with the error.
Note, that since this function applies `iterator` to each item in parallel,
there is no guarantee that the iterator functions will complete in order.
__Arguments__
* `arr` - An array to iterate over.
* `iterator(item, callback)` - A function to apply to each item in `arr`.
The iterator is passed a `callback(err)` which must be called once it has
completed. If no error has occured, the `callback` should be run without
arguments or with an explicit `null` argument.
* `callback(err)` - A callback which is called when all `iterator` functions
have finished, or an error occurs.
__Examples__
```js
// assuming openFiles is an array of file names and saveFile is a function
// to save the modified contents of that file:
async.each(openFiles, saveFile, function(err){
// if any of the saves produced an error, err would equal that error
});
```
```js
// assuming openFiles is an array of file names
async.each(openFiles, function( file, callback) {
// Perform operation on file here.
console.log('Processing file ' + file);
if( file.length > 32 ) {
console.log('This file name is too long');
callback('File name too long');
} else {
// Do work to process file here
console.log('File processed');
callback();
}
}, function(err){
// if any of the file processing produced an error, err would equal that error
if( err ) {
// One of the iterations produced an error.
// All processing will now stop.
console.log('A file failed to process');
} else {
console.log('All files have been processed successfully');
}
});
```
---------------------------------------
<a name="forEachSeries" />
<a name="eachSeries" />
### eachSeries(arr, iterator, callback)
The same as [`each`](#each), only `iterator` is applied to each item in `arr` in
series. The next `iterator` is only called once the current one has completed.
This means the `iterator` functions will complete in order.
---------------------------------------
<a name="forEachLimit" />
<a name="eachLimit" />
### eachLimit(arr, limit, iterator, callback)
The same as [`each`](#each), only no more than `limit` `iterator`s will be simultaneously
running at any time.
Note that the items in `arr` are not processed in batches, so there is no guarantee that
the first `limit` `iterator` functions will complete before any others are started.
__Arguments__
* `arr` - An array to iterate over.
* `limit` - The maximum number of `iterator`s to run at any time.
* `iterator(item, callback)` - A function to apply to each item in `arr`.
The iterator is passed a `callback(err)` which must be called once it has
completed. If no error has occured, the callback should be run without
arguments or with an explicit `null` argument.
* `callback(err)` - A callback which is called when all `iterator` functions
have finished, or an error occurs.
__Example__
```js
// Assume documents is an array of JSON objects and requestApi is a
// function that interacts
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Node.js,简称Node,是一个开源且跨平台的JavaScript运行时环境,它允许在浏览器外运行JavaScript代码。Node.js于2009年由Ryan Dahl创立,旨在创建高性能的Web服务器和网络应用程序。它基于Google Chrome的V8 JavaScript引擎,可以在Windows、Linux、Unix、Mac OS X等操作系统上运行。 Node.js的特点之一是事件驱动和非阻塞I/O模型,这使得它非常适合处理大量并发连接,从而在构建实时应用程序如在线游戏、聊天应用以及实时通讯服务时表现卓越。此外,Node.js使用了模块化的架构,通过npm(Node package manager,Node包管理器),社区成员可以共享和复用代码,极大地促进了Node.js生态系统的发展和扩张。 Node.js不仅用于服务器端开发。随着技术的发展,它也被用于构建工具链、开发桌面应用程序、物联网设备等。Node.js能够处理文件系统、操作数据库、处理网络请求等,因此,开发者可以用JavaScript编写全栈应用程序,这一点大大提高了开发效率和便捷性。 在实践中,许多大型企业和组织已经采用Node.js作为其Web应用程序的开发平台,如Netflix、PayPal和Walmart等。它们利用Node.js提高了应用性能,简化了开发流程,并且能更快地响应市场需求。
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