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# ESP8266 WiFi Mesh ## Contents 1. [Overview](#Overview) 2. [How does it work?](#Work) 3. [The first step](#Start) 4. [TcpIpMeshBackend](#TcpIpMeshBackendMore) * [Usage](#TcpIpMeshBackendUsage) * [Note](#TcpIpMeshBackendNote) * [General Information](#TcpIpMeshBackendGeneral) 5. [EspnowMeshBackend](#EspnowMeshBackendMore) * [Usage](#EspnowMeshBackendUsage) * [Note](#EspnowMeshBackendNote) * [Callbacks](#EspnowMeshBackendCallbacks) * [Encryption](#EspnowMeshBackendEncryption) * [CCMP](#CCMP) * [AEAD](#AEAD) 6. [FloodingMesh](#FloodingMeshMore) * [Usage](#FloodingMeshUsage) * [Note](#FloodingMeshNote) * [Serialization and the internal state of a node](#FloodingMeshSerialization) 7. [FAQ](#FAQ) * [My ESP8266 crashes on start-up when I use the library!](#FAQStartupCrash) * [The node does not remember the SSID I assign to it!](#FAQSSIDAmnesia) * [I want to control the WiFi mode myself.](#FAQModeControl) * [I have a lot of interference from all the nodes that are close to each other. What can I do?](#FAQInterference) * [How do I change the interval of the WiFi AP beacon broadcast?](#FAQBeaconInterval) * [My ESP is ignoring the WiFi AP beacon broadcast interval settings you just told me about above! (a.k.a. How do I change the WiFi scan mode to passive?)](#FAQPassiveScan) * [My internet is slower when I connect the ESP8266 to my router!](#FAQSlowRouter) ## <a name="Overview"></a>Overview This is a library for creating a mesh network using the ESP8266. The library has been tested and works with Arduino Core for ESP8266 version 3.0.0 (with lwIP2). It may work with earlier and later core releases, but this has not been tested during development. **Note:** This mesh library has been extensively rewritten for core release 3.0.0. The old method signatures have been retained for compatibility purposes, but will be removed in core release 3.0.X. If you are still using these old method signatures please consider migrating to the new API shown in the `EspnowMeshBackend.h` or `TcpIpMeshBackend.h` source files. ## <a name="Work"></a>How does it work? The ESP8266 WiFi Mesh library is a cake, metaphorically speaking. At the bottom you have the general ESP8266 Arduino Core WiFi functionality. On top of this two mesh backends have been created (`EspnowMeshBackend` and `TcpIpMeshBackend`), a yummy filling that completely covers the bottom. Then at the very top over the backends is the beautiful and delicious frosting: `FloodingMesh`. `FloodingMesh` is an actual mesh network implementation that uses the `EspnowMeshBackend`. Eating the cake in its current form is a process which involves all the layers. However, if you prefer to be your own pastry chef it is easy to use both the `EspnowMeshBackend` and the `TcpIpMeshBackend` separately from `FloodingMesh`, perhaps to construct your own mesh network architecture or just to simplify the usage of TCP/IP or ESP-NOW. If you have made a nice mesh architecture with this library that you would like to share with the rest of the world, feel free to make a PR with it! In general ESP-NOW is faster than TCP/IP for small data payloads (up to a few kB). The data segment of a standard ESP-NOW transmission is 234 bytes, which takes around 2-4 ms to transmit. TCP/IP takes longer to connect (around 1000 ms), and an AP has to disconnect all connected stations in order to transfer data to another AP. However, this backend has a much higher data transfer speed than ESP-NOW once connected (100x faster or so). ## <a name="Start"></a>The first step There are plenty of details to the operations of the library, but if you want to get started quickly you really only need to know this: In the example folder of the library there is a file called `HelloMesh.ino`. Upload it to a few ESP8266 and you have a working mesh network. Change the `useLED` variable to `true` if you have built-in LEDs on your ESP8266s to illustrate how the message is spread through the network. Change the `floodingMesh.broadcast` calls to modify what the mesh nodes are transmitting to each other. Change the code of the `meshMessageHandler` to modify how mesh nodes react to received transmissions. Finally, three things are important to note: 1. This library uses the standard Arduino Core for ESP8266 WiFi functions. Therefore, other code that also uses these WiFi functions (e.g. `WiFi.mode()`) may cause conflicts with the library, resulting in strange behaviour. See "[I want to control the WiFi mode myself](#FAQModeControl)" in the FAQ for ideas on how to work around this. 2. Both the `EspnowMeshBackend` and the `TcpIpMeshBackend` can be used simultaneously on the same node. However, since there is only one WiFi radio on the ESP8266, only one backend at a time will be responsible for the settings of this radio (SSID, WiFi channel etc.). The backend in control is known as the `APController` in the library. Both backends can still send messages, regardless of who is `APController`. 3. The `MeshBackendBase`, `EspnowMeshBackend`, `TcpIpMeshBackend` and `FloodingMesh` source files are meant to be the main front-ends of the library and are all extensively documented. If you wonder about how something is working, chances are good that you will find an answer in the documentation of those files. ## <a name="TcpIpMeshBackendMore"></a>TcpIpMeshBackend ### <a name="TcpIpMeshBackendUsage"></a>Usage The basic operation of the TCP/IP mesh backend is as follows: The `attemptTransmission` method of the TcpIpMeshBackend instance is called with a message to send to other nodes in the mesh network. If the node is already connected to an AP, the message is sent only to that AP. Otherwise the default behaviour is for a WiFi scan to be performed. The scan results are sent to the `networkFilter` callback function of the TcpIpMeshBackend instance which adds the AP:s of interest to the `connectionQueue` vector. The message is then transmitted to the networks in the `connectionQueue`, and the response from each AP is sent to the `responseHandler` callback of the TcpIpMeshBackend instance. The outcome from each transmission attempt can be found in the `latestTransmissionOutcomes` vector. The node receives messages from other TCP/IP nodes by calling the `acceptRequests` method of the TcpIpMeshBackend instance. These received messages are passed to the `requestHandler` callback of the mesh instance. For each received message the return value of `requestHandler` is sent to the other node as a response to the message. For more details, see the included HelloTcpIp example. The main functions to modify in the example are `manageRequest` (`requestHandler`), `manageResponse` (`responseHandler`), `networkFilter` and `exampleTransmissionOutcomesUpdateHook`. There is also much more information to be found in the source code comments. ### <a name="TcpIpMeshBackendNote"></a>Note * This library can use static IP:s for the nodes to speed up connection times. To enable this, use the `setStaticIP` method after calling the `begin` method, as in the included example. When using static IP, the following is good to keep in mind: Ensure that nodes connecting to the same AP have distinct static IP:s. Node IP:s need to be at the same subnet as the server gateway (192.168.4 for this library by default). Station gateway IP must match the IP for the server on the nodes. This is the default setting for the library. Static IP is a global setting (for now), meaning that all TcpIpMeshBackend instances on the same ESP8266 share the same static IP settings. * Scanning all WiFi channels (e.g. via the `attemptTransmission` method with the `scanAllWiFiChannels` argument set to `true`) will slow down scans considerably and make it more likely that existing WiFi connections will break during scans. * If the ESP8266 has an active AP, that AP will switch WiFi channel to match that of any other AP the TcpIpMeshBackend of the ESP8266 connects to (compare