Electric Power Distribution Reliability, Second Edition

DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Generation, Transmission, and Distribution Distribution Substations Primary Distribution Systems Secondary Distribution Systems Load Characteristics Distribution Operations RELIABILITY METRICS AND INDICES Power Quality, Reliability, and Availability Reliability Indices Customer Cost of Reliability Reliability Targets History of Reliability Indices INTERRUPTION CAUSES Equipment Failures Animals Severe Weather Trees Human Factors Most Common Causes COMPONENT MODELING Component Reliability Parameters Failure Rates and Bathtub Curves Probability Distribution Functions Fitting Curves to Measured Data Component Reliability Data SYSTEM MODELING System Events and System States Event Independence Network Modeling Markov Modeling Analytical Simulation for Radial Systems Analytical Simulation for Network Systems Monte Carlo Simulation Other Methodologies SYSTEM ANALYSIS Model Reduction System Calibration System Analysis Improving Reliability Storm Hardening Conversion of Overhead to Underground Economic Analysis Marginal Benefit-to-Cost Analysis Comprehensive Example SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION Overview of Optimization Discrete Optimization Methods Knowledge-Based Systems Optimization Applications Final Thoughts on Optimization