1.段落解释：A paragraph is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of
thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions
2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has:①unity—each
sentence relates to a main idea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topic
sentence;②coherence—the sentences are tied each other and to the main idea,they flow
smoothly;③completeness—it explores the main idea explicitly and concretely,with
plenty of details,examples,and explanations
keep up the sense of oneness.
2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive
pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them
into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.
3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念)：In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive
pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with
specific elaboration or application of the general idea.
3.第一个写作常识 An effective paragraph has sound internal structure.The qualities that
indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.
4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法)：As the name indicates, in developing a
paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular
instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance.
5 第五个写作常识 ：Sequences of development are not independent of types of
development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular,
particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.
4.怎样做到内容一致 An excellent way of achieving unity is by means of the topic
sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the
point he is trying to establish
5.标题句 The topic sentence 作用① the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity
in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence; ②the topic sentence
is an emphatically placed,explicit statement of the central idea in a paragraph
6.第二个写作常识 怎样写好标题句 In short,a good topic sentence has a limited
subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A
topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A
topic sentence that is too narrow leaves little to be said in the rest of the paragraph.
7.Coherence: 连贯 coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one
in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that
allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step
6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序)：In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest
point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the
topic sentence.
7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier
things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The
most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story.
8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序)：A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types.
It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from
one place to another.
8．第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentences help readers follow our ideas,other signals
also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look
for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected—that lack coherence.We can establish
better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition,and
transitional words and phrases
9 第六个写作常识：The type of development is the way in which the main idea is
supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.
10 段落展开方式 ：Among the most important types of paragraph development are
development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition,
cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.
9.Completeness 内容完整性 Completeness in a paragraph means that the topic is
adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the
reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means
11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比)：①a comparison shows
how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.
12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法 )：Dividing and
classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a
whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we
classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basis
1 第四个写作常识：Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to
make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and
coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to
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