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2024 ICM

Problem D: Great Lakes Water Problem

Background

The Great Lakes of the United States and Canada are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the

world. The five lakes and connecting waterways constitute a massive drainage basin that

contains many large urban areas in these two countries, with varied climate and localized

weather conditions.

The lakes’ water is used for many purposes (fishing, recreation, power generation, drinking,

shipping, animal and fish habitat, construction, irrigation, etc.). Consequently, a vast variety of

stakeholders have an interest in the management of the water that flows into and out of the lakes.

In particular, if too little water is drained or evaporates from the lakes, then flooding may occur

and homes and businesses along the shore suffer; if too much water is drained, then large ships

cannot travel through the waterways to bring supplies and support the local economy. The main

problem is regulating the water levels such that all stakeholders can benefit.

The water level in each lake is determined by how much water enters and leaves the lake. These

levels are the result of complex interactions among temperature, wind, tides, precipitation,

evaporation, bathymetry (the shape of the lake bottom), river flows and runoff, reservoir policies,

seasonal cycles, and long-term climate changes. There are two primary control mechanisms

within the flow of water in the Great Lakes system – Compensating Works of the Soo Locks at

Sault Ste. Marie (three hydropower plants, five navigation locks, and a gated dam at the head of

the rapids) and the Moses-Saunders Dam at Cornwall as indicated in the Addendum.

While the two control dams, many channels and canals, and the drainage basin reservoirs may be

controlled by humans, the rates of rain, evaporation, erosion, ice jams, and other water-flow

phenomena are beyond human manipulation. The policies of local jurisdictions may have

different effects than expected, as can seasonal and environmental changes in the water basin.

These changes in turn affect the ecosystem of the area, which impacts the health of the flora and

fauna found in and around the lakes and the residents that live in the water basin. Even though

the Great Lakes seem to have a regular annual pattern, a variance from normal of two to three

feet of water level can dramatically affect some of the stakeholders.

This dynamic network flow problem is “wicked” – exceptionally challenging to solve because of

interdependencies, complicated requirements, and inherent uncertainties. For the lake’s

problems, we have ever-changing dynamics and the conflicting interests of stakeholders.

See Problem D Addendum for Additional Information.

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