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i
摘 要
民机飞行中频繁发生由于风挡原因而紧急迫降的事故,故障电弧引发的风挡爆裂是
造成川航 8633 事故的直接原因,民机风挡加温系统、风挡结构的稳定性对于民机安全
运行有着至关重要的作用。由于风挡故障电弧微弱、具有一定的隐蔽性,民航维修人员
不易排查发现故障电弧;同时,风挡电加热的热量传递影响着风挡结构的可靠性。为了
及时有效地诊断风挡故障电弧,更加清晰地认识风挡传热变化,论文以风挡故障电弧及
电加热传递为研究对象,为民航维修人员提供风挡故障电弧诊断措施、影响因素与风挡
材料传热的参考数据,论文研究结果具有重要工程意义。
针对风挡故障电弧的存在,对故障电弧的概念、种类及数学模型进行了梳理,结合
风挡加温系统的电路结构,利用 Simulink 建立风挡发生电弧情况时的加温电路模型,仿
真分析加温电压、电流数据,发现微弱电弧对于加温电压、电流数据影响不大;基于三
段式电流保护工作原理,设计风挡加温三段式电流保护系统,仿真验证保护系统能够及
时诊断故障电弧、并断开加温电路运行的应用效果。参考川航 8633 事故调查报告电弧
数据,利用灰色系统分析方法与熵权法分别对故障电弧的影响参数进行评估,将两种分
析结果进行对比,验证了评估结论的统一性与正确性。
结合风挡结构的五种材料参数与传热数学模型,利用 MATLAB 对材料传热变化进
行仿真分析,得到风挡不同材料的最短传热时间。对风挡温控数学模型进行介绍,利用
拉普拉斯反变换求得风挡电加热传递的目标函数,阐述免疫算法的控制优势,将免疫算
法嵌入到电加热传递目标函数中,提高了风挡加温系统的传热效率。结合风挡故障电弧
及电加热传递的研究内容,利用 MATLAB GUI 开发出民机风挡电弧与传热监控系统平
台,实现用户在平台中对电弧与传热实时数据的监测、展示功能。
论文设计一种风挡加温三段式电流保护系统,验证了保护系统能够及时诊断故障电
弧的应用效果;对风挡材料传热变化进行研究,利用免疫算法提高风挡加温系统的效率,
开发民机风挡电弧与传热监控系统平台,提供了风挡故障电弧诊断措施、风挡材料传热
数据,提高了民机运行过程中的可靠性与安全性。
关键词:故障电弧,电流保护系统,电加热传递,免疫算法,平台开发
ii
Abstract
Accidents of emergency landing due to windshield frequently occur in the flight of civil
aircraft. The windshield burst caused by fault arc is the direct cause of Sichuan Airlines 8633
accident. The stability of the windshield heating system and windshield structure of civil
aircraft plays a vital role in the safe operation of civil aircraft. Because the windshield fault
arc is weak and has certain concealment, it is difficult for civil aviation maintenance
personnel to find the fault arc; At the same time, the heat transfer of windshield electric
heating affects the reliability of windshield structure. In order to diagnose the windshield fault
arc in time and effectively, and understand the change of windshield heat transfer more clearly,
this paper takes the windshield fault arc and electric heating transfer as the research object,
and provides reference data for civil aviation maintenance personnel on the diagnosis
measures, influencing factors and heat transfer of windshield materials. The research results
of this paper have important engineering significance.
Aiming at the existence of windshield fault arc, the concept, types and mathematical
model of fault arc are sorted out. Combined with the circuit structure of windshield heating
system, the heating circuit model of windshield arc is established by Simulink, and the
heating voltage and current data are simulated and analyzed. It is found that weak arc has little
effect on the heating voltage and current data. Based on the working principle of three-stage
current protection, a three-stage current protection system for windshield heating is designed,
and the simulation verifies that the protection system can diagnose fault arc in time and
disconnect the application effect of heating circuit operation. Referring to the arc data of
Sichuan Airlines 8633 accident investigation report, the influence parameters of fault arc are
evaluated by grey system analysis method and entropy weight method respectively, and the
unity and correctness of the evaluation conclusion are verified by comparing the two analysis
results.
Combined with five material parameters and heat transfer mathematical model of
iii
windshield structure, the heat transfer change of materials is simulated and analyzed by
MATLAB, and the shortest heat transfer time of different materials of windshield is obtained.
The mathematical model of windshield temperature control is introduced, the objective
function of windshield electric heating transfer is obtained by Laplace inverse transformation,
and the control advantages of immune algorithm are expounded. The immune algorithm is
embedded in the objective function of electric heating transfer, which improves the heat
transfer efficiency of windshield heating system. Combined with the research content of
windshield fault arc and electric heating transfer, the platform of civil aircraft windshield arc
and heat transfer monitoring system is developed by MATLAB GUI, which realizes the
function of monitoring and displaying real-time data of arc and heat transfer by users in the
platform.
In this paper, a three-stage current protection system for windshield heating is designed,
which verifies the application effect that the protection system can diagnose fault arc in time.
The heat transfer change of windshield materials is studied, the efficiency of windshield
heating system is improved by immune algorithm, and the platform of windshield arc and
heat transfer monitoring system for civil aircraft is developed, which provides the diagnosis
measures of windshield fault arc and heat transfer data of windshield materials, and improves
the reliability and safety of civil aircraft during operation.
Key words: Fault arc, Current protection system, Electric heating transfer, Immune
algorithm, Platform development
目 录
第 1 章 绪论............................................................................................... 1
1.1 研究背景及意义 ............................................................................... 1
1.2 国内外研究现状 ............................................................................... 4
1.2.1 故障电弧诊断技术发展概述 ..................................................... 4
1.2.2 飞机风挡传热研究现状 ............................................................. 7
1.3 本文主要研究内容 ........................................................................... 9
第 2 章 故障电弧概述及风挡加温三段式电流保护系统设计 ............ 11
2.1 故障电弧理论基础 ......................................................................... 11
2.1.1 故障电弧的产生过程 ............................................................... 11
2.1.2 故障电弧的分类 ....................................................................... 13
2.1.3 故障电弧的数学模型 ............................................................... 15
2.2 风挡加温系统概述 ......................................................................... 16
2.3 风挡加温三段式电流保护系统设计 ............................................ 17
2.3.1 Simulink 简介 ........................................................................... 17
2.3.2 风挡故障电弧模型仿真 ........................................................... 18
2.3.3 风挡加温三段式电流保护系统仿真....................................... 22
2.4 本章小结 ......................................................................................... 29
第 3 章 故障电弧的影响参数分析 ........................................................ 30
3.1 故障电弧影响参数的灰色系统分析 ............................................ 30
3.1.1 灰色系统分析理论概述 ........................................................... 30
3.1.2 故障电弧灰色系统分析流程 ................................................... 31
3.1.3 原始数据均值化处理 ............................................................... 33
3.1.4 计算子序列与母序列的绝对差值 ........................................... 34
3.1.5 计算子序列与母序列的关联系数 ........................................... 35
3.1.6 计算子序列与母序列的灰色关联度....................................... 36
3.2 故障电弧影响参数的熵权法分析 ................................................ 37
3.2.1 熵权法理论概述 ....................................................................... 37
3.2.2 故障电弧数据标准化处理 ....................................................... 38
3.2.3 故障电弧数据数值平移处理 ................................................... 39
3.2.4 计算故障电弧数据各项指标的比重....................................... 40
3.2.5 计算各项指标的信息熵、差异系数与权重 .......................... 41
3.3 本章小结 ......................................................................................... 43
第 4 章 民机风挡电加热传递研究 ........................................................ 44
4.1 民机风挡材料传热变化研究 ........................................................ 44
4.1.1 风挡材料传热数学模型介绍 ................................................... 44
4.1.2 风挡材料传热变化仿真分析 ................................................... 46
4.2 风挡加温系统免疫算法优化研究 ................................................ 50
4.2.1 风挡温控数学模型分析 ........................................................... 50
4.2.2 免疫算法流程介绍 ................................................................... 51
4.2.3 抗原识别 ................................................................................... 53
4.2.4 亲和度评价 ............................................................................... 54
4.2.5 抗体浓度评价 ........................................................................... 54
4.2.6 抗体激励度评价 ....................................................................... 55
4.2.7 免疫算法优化结果分析 ........................................................... 55
4.3 本章小结 ......................................................................................... 56
第 5 章 民机风挡电弧与传热监控系统平台开发 ................................ 57
5.1 平台开发软件 MATLAB/GUI 介绍 ............................................ 57
5.1.1 GUI 程序功能介绍 .................................................................... 58
5.1.2 GUI 程序组件介绍 .................................................................... 59
5.2 监控系统平台需求分析................................................................. 60
5.3 平台界面设计 ................................................................................. 62
5.3.1 登陆界面 ................................................................................... 63
5.3.2 操作界面 ................................................................................... 64
5.3.3 结果界面 ................................................................................... 66
5.4 本章小结 ......................................................................................... 70
总结与展望 ............................................................................................... 71
参考文献 ................................................................................................... 73
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