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参考手册

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Python 参考手册

（中英文对照版）

作者:

Guido van Rossum

Fred L. Drake, Jr.

Python 开发组

Email: python-docs@python.org

版本 2.2

2001年12月21日

前言(Front Matter)...........................................................................................................3

摘要(Abstract): .................................................................................................................4

1. 简介(Introduction) .......................................................................................................................4

1.1 记法(Notation)..........................................................................................................5

2. 词法分析(Lexical analysis) .........................................................................................................7

2.1 行结构(Line structure)..............................................................................................8

2.1.1 逻辑行(Logical lines) .............................................................................8

2.1.2 物理行(Physical lines) ............................................................................8

2.1.3 注释(Comments).....................................................................................8

2.1.4 显式行连接(Explicit line joining) ..........................................................9

2.1.5 隐式行连接(Implicit line joining) ..........................................................9

2.1.6 空行(Blank lines)..................................................................................10

2.1.7 缩进(Indentation)..................................................................................10

2.1.8 符号间的空白(Whitespace between tokens)........................................12

2.2 其它语言符号(Other tokens) .................................................................................13

2.3 标识符和关键字(Identifiers and keywords) ..........................................................13

2.3.1 关键字(Keywords)................................................................................13

2.3.2 保留的标识符类型(Reserved classes of identifiers)............................14

2.4 字面值(Literals)......................................................................................................14

2.4.1 串字面值(String literals).......................................................................15

2.4.2 串字面值的连接(String literal concatenation) .....................................18

2.4.3 数值型的字面值(Numeric literals) ......................................................18

2.4.4 整数和长整数型的字面值(Integer and long integer literals) ..............19

2.4.5 浮点型的字面值(Floating point literals)..............................................20

2.4.6 虚数的字面值(Imaginary literals) ........................................................20

2.5 运算符(Operators) ..................................................................................................21

2.6 分隔符(Delimiters) .................................................................................................21

3. 数据模型(Data model) ..............................................................................................................22

3.1 对象, 值和类型(Objects, values and types)...........................................................22

3.2 标准类型层次(The standard type hierarchy) .........................................................24

3.3 特殊方法名(Special method names) ......................................................................41

3.3.1 基本定制(Basic customization)............................................................42

3.3.2 定制属性访问(Customizing attribute access) ......................................46

3.3.3 模拟可调用对象(Emulating callable objects)......................................48

3.3.4 模拟包容器类型(Emulating container types) ......................................48

3.3.5 模拟有序类型的其它方法(Additional methods for emulation of

sequence types) ...............................................................................................51

3.3.6 模拟数值类型(Emulating numeric types) ............................................53

4. 运行模型(Execution model)......................................................................................................58

4.1 代码块, 运行结构框架和命名空间(Code blocks, execution frames, and

namespaces ) ..................................................................................................................58

脚注(Footnotes) ..............................................................................................62

4.2 异常(Exceptions) ....................................................................................................62

5. 表达式（Expressions） ..........................................................................................................64

5.1 数值型间的转换(Arithmetic conversions).............................................................64

5.2 原子(Atoms) ...........................................................................................................65

5.2.1 标识符(名字) ( Identifiers (Names) ) ...................................................65

脚注(Footnotes) ......................................................................................66

5.2.2 字面值（Literals）...............................................................................67

5.2.3 括号表达式(Parenthesized forms)........................................................67

5.2.4 列表的表示(List displays)....................................................................68

5.2.5 字典的表示(Dictionary displays) .........................................................69

5.2.6 串的转换(String conversions) ..............................................................69

5.3 基元(Primaries).......................................................................................................70

5.3.1 属性引用(Attribute references) ............................................................71

5.3.2 下标(Subscriptions) ..............................................................................71

5.3.3 片断(Slicings) .......................................................................................72

5.3.4 调用(Calls)............................................................................................74

5.4 幂运算符(The power operator)...............................................................................78

5.5 一元算术运算符(Unary arithmetic operations) .....................................................79

5.6 二元算术运算符(Binary arithmetic operations) ....................................................79

脚注(Footnotes) ..............................................................................................81

5.7 移位运算符(Shifting operations)............................................................................81

5.8 二元位运算符(Binary bit-wise operations)............................................................82

5.9 比较(Comparisons).................................................................................................83

脚注(Footnotes) ..............................................................................................86

5.10 布尔运算(Boolean operations) .............................................................................86

5.11 表达式表(Expression lists)...................................................................................88

5.12 总结(Summary) ....................................................................................................89

6. 简单语句(Simple statements)....................................................................................................90

6.1 表达式语句(Expression statements) ......................................................................90

6.2 断言语句(Assert statements)..................................................................................91

6.3 赋值语句(Assignment statements) .........................................................................92

6.3.1 增量赋值语句(Augmented Assignment statements) ............................96

6.4 pass 语句(The pass statement) ..............................................................................97

6.5 del 语句( The del statement) ..............................................................................97

6.6 print 语句(The print statement)...........................................................................98

6.7 return 语句(The return statement).......................................................................99

6.8 yield 语句(The yield statement).........................................................................100

6.9 raise 语句(The raise statement).....................................................................101

6.10 break 语句(The break statement)......................................................................103

6.11 continue 语句(The continue statement) ....................................................103

Footnotes.......................................................................................................104

6.12 import 语句(The import statement).............................................................104

6.13 global 语句(The global statement)..............................................................107

6.14 exec 语句(The exec statement) .......................................................................108

7. 复合语句(Compound statements) ...........................................................................................109

7.1 if 语句(The if statement).................................................................................. 111

7.2 while 语句(The while statement).....................................................................111

7.3 for 语句(The for statement) ..............................................................................112

7.4 try 语句(The try statement).................................................................................113

脚注(Footnotes) ............................................................................................116

7.5 函数定义(Function definitions)............................................................................116

7.6 类定义(Class definitions) .....................................................................................119

8. 顶层构件(Top-level components)............................................................................................120

8.1 完整的 Python 程序(Complete Python programs)...............................................120

8.2 文件输入(File input).............................................................................................121

8.3 交互式输入(Interactive input ).............................................................................121

8.4 表达式输入(Expression input )............................................................................122

前言(Front Matter)

reserved.

See the end of this document for complete license and permissions information.

摘要(Abstract):

Python 是一种解释性的，面向对象的，具有动态语义的高级程序设计语言。它内建高级数

据结构，配以动态类型和动态捆绑，使其在快速应用开发中非常有利，就像脚本或粘合语言

一样将已存在的构件连接在一起。Python 的简单性和句法的易学性使其代码具有优秀的可

读牲，因此维护程序的成本得以大大降低。Python 具有模块和包的概念，以支持程序的模

块化和代码重用。在主流平台上， Python 的解释器和大量标准库都可以免费地以源代码形

式或可执行文件形式获得，并且可以自由发布。

Python is an interpreted, object-oriented, high-level programming language with

dynamic semantics. Its high-level built in data structures, combined with dynamic

typing and dynamic binding, make it very attractive for rapid application

development, as well as for use as a scripting or glue language to connect existing

components together. Python's simple, easy to learn syntax emphasizes readability

and therefore reduces the cost of program maintenance. Python supports modules and

packages, which encourages program modularity and code reuse. The Python interpreter

and the extensive standard library are available in source or binary form without

charge for all major platforms, and can be freely distributed.

本参考手册描述了该语言的语法和“核心语义”。手册本身是比较简洁的，但尽可能写得准

确和完整。那些非基本的内置对象类型、内置函数和模块的语义在

《Python 库参考》

中进

行描述。对于语言的浅显介绍，可以看看

《Python 入门手册》

. 对于 C 和 C++程序员, 有

两个文档可供参考：

《扩展和嵌入 Python 解释器》

是对 Python 扩展模块设计的总体介绍；

《Python/C API 参考手册》

则向 C/C++程序员们细致地描述了可以使用的接口。

This reference manual describes the syntax and ``core semantics'' of the language.

It is terse, but attempts to be exact and complete. The semantics of non-essential

built-in object types and of the built-in functions and modules are described in

the

Python Library Reference

. For an informal introduction to the language, see the

Python Tutorial

. For C or C++ programmers, two additional manuals exist:

Extending

and Embedding the Python Interpreter

describes the high-level picture of how to write

a Python extension module, and the

Python/C API Reference Manual

describes the

interfaces available to C/C++ programmers in detail.

1. 简介(Introduction)

这个手册描述了 Python 程序设计语言, 本文档的目的不是入门.

This reference manual describes the Python programming language. It is not intended

as a tutorial.

虽然我试图尽可能的精确, 但还是选择了英语而不是形式化规范的方法描述, 其中句法分

析和词法分析部分除外. 这使的文档更具可读性, 但却有可能存在歧义. 因此, 如果你来

自火星并且想单单通过这篇文档就重新实现 Python, 你可能得猜测一些东西.事实上你很

可能以实现一门完全不同的语言而告终; 另一方面, 如果你在使用 Python 并且想了解其某

个细节的精确规则, 你可以在这里明确地得到它; 如果你想获得更多的语言形式化定义,

可能就要自己搞了---- 或者发明一个克隆机:-).

While I am trying to be as precise as possible, I chose to use English rather than

formal specifications for everything except syntax and lexical analysis. This should

make the document more understandable to the average reader, but will leave room

for ambiguities. Consequently, if you were coming from Mars and tried to re-implement

Python from this document alone, you might have to guess things and in fact you would

probably end up implementing quite a different language. On the other hand, if you

are using Python and wonder what the precise rules about a particular area of the

language are, you should definitely be able to find them here. If you would like

to see a more formal definition of the language, maybe you could volunteer your time

-- or invent a cloning machine :-).

在语言参考文档中加入过多的实现细节是危险的事情----实现会改变, 并且一个语言不同

的实现可能以不同的方式工作. 另一方面, 当前只有一个 Python 的实现得到广泛使用(虽

然已经存在了第二个实现). 这里有些细节还是被提及了, 特别是某种实现增加了限制时,

因此你可以在本文档中找到"实现注意"的标记.

It is dangerous to add too many implementation details to a language reference

document -- the implementation may change, and other implementations of the same

language may work differently. On the other hand, there is currently only one Python

implementation in widespread use (although a second one now exists!), and its

particular quirks are sometimes worth being mentioned, especially where the

implementation imposes additional limitations. Therefore, you'll find short

``implementation notes'' sprinkled throughout the text.

每个 Python 实现都提供了大量的内建和标准模块, 它们不在这个文档的介绍范围之内, 但

可以在另一个叫做

Python 库参考手册

的文档中找到. 少量与语言定义密切相关的内建模

块也在这被介绍了.

Every Python implementation comes with a number of built-in and standard modules.

These are not documented here, but in the separate document. A few built-in modules

are mentioned when they interact in a significant way with the language definition.

1.1 记法(Notation)

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