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INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR STANDARDISATION
ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11
CODING OF MOVING PICTURES AND ASSOCIATED AUDIO
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 Nxxxx
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY -
GENERIC CODING OF MOVING PICTURES AND
ASSOCIATED AUDIO INFORMATION: VIDEO
Recommendation ITU-T'H.262
ISO/IEC 13818-2
Draft International Standard
Draft of:
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Draft International Standard ISO/IEC 13818-2
CONTENTS
CONTENTS i
Foreword iii
I Introduction iv
I.1 Purpose iv
I.2 Application iv
I.3 Profiles and levels iv
I.4 The scalable and the non-scalable syntax v
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Definitions 3
4 Abbreviations and symbols 11
4.1 Arithmetic operators 11
4.2 Logical operators 19
4.3 Relational operators 19
4.4 Bitwise operators 19
4.5 Assignment 19
4.6 Mnemonics 19
4.7 Constants 19
5 Conventions 20
5.1 Method of describing bitstream syntax 20
5.2 Definition of functions 21
5.3 Reserved, forbidden and marker_bit 21
5.4 Arithmetic precision 22
6 Video bitstream syntax and semantics 23
6.1 Structure of coded video data 23
6.2 Video bitstream syntax 36
6.3 Video bitstream semantics 51
7 The video decoding process 85
7.1 Higher syntactic structures 85
7.2 Variable length decoding 86
7.3 Inverse scan 89
7.4 Inverse quantisation 90
7.5 Inverse DCT 106
7.6 Motion compensation 106
7.7 Spatial scalability 124
7.8 SNR scalability 138
7.9 Temporal scalability 144
7.10 Data partitioning148
7.11 Hybrid scalability 150
7.12 Output of the decoding process 151
8 Profiles and levels 155
8.1 ISO/IEC 11172-2 compatibility 156
8.2 Relationship between defined profiles 156
8.2.1 Use of repeat_first_field 158
8.3 Relationship between defined levels 159
8.4 Scalable layers 160
8.4.1 Permissible layer combinations 160
8.5 Parameter values for defined profiles, levels and layers 162
Annex A 166
Annex B 176
B.1 Macroblock addressing 176
B.2 Macroblock type 177
B.3 Macroblock pattern 182
B.4 Motion vectors 183
B.5 DCT coefficients 184
Annex D 199
()Draft Recommendation ITU-T>H.262 ITU-T Draft Rec. H.262 1
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ISO/IEC 13818-2 Draft International Standard
D.1 Overview 199
D.2 Video formats 199
D.3 Picture quality 200
D.4 Data rate control 201
D.5 Low delay mode 201
D.6 Random access/channel hopping 201
D.7 Scalability 201
D.8 Compatibility 209
D.9 Differences between this specification and ISO/IEC>11172-2 209
D.10 Complexity 212
D.11 Editing encoded bitstreams 212
D.12 Trick modes 212
D.13 Error resilience 214
D.14 Concatenated sequences 222
Annex E 223
E.1 Syntax element restrictions in profiles 223
E.2 Permissible layer combinations 234
Annex F 257
Annex G 259
2 Draft Recommendation ITU-T>H.262ITU-T Draft Rec. H.262 ()
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Draft International Standard ISO/IEC 13818-2
Foreword
The ITU-T (the ITU Telecommunication Standardisation Sector) is a permanent organ of the
International Telecommunications Union (ITU). The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical,
operating and tariff questions and issuing Recommendations on them with a view to developing
telecommunication standards on a world-wide basis.
The World Telecommunication Standardisation Conference, which meets every four years,
establishes the program of work arising from the review of existing questions and new questions
among other things. The approval of new or revised Recommendations by members of the ITU-T is
covered by the procedure laid down in the ITU-T Resolution No. 1 (Helsinki 1993). The proposal
for Recommendation is accepted if 70% or more of the replies from members indicate approval.
ISO (the International Organisation for Standardisation) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialised system for world-wide standardisation. National Bodies that are
members of ISO and IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organisation to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organisations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC1. Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated
to national bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least
75% of the national bodies casting a vote.
This specification is a committee draft that is being submitted for approval to the ITU-T,
ISO-IEC/JTC1 SC29. It was prepared jointly by SC29/WG11, also known as MPEG (Moving
Pictures Expert Group), and the Experts Group for ATM Video Coding in the ITU-T SG15. MPEG
was formed in 1988 to establish standards for coding of moving pictures and associated audio for
various applications such as digital storage media, distribution and communication. The Experts
Group for ATM Video Coding was formed in 1990 to develop video coding standard(s) appropriate
for B-ISDN using ATM transport.
In this specification Annex A, Annex B and Annex C contain normative requirements and are an
integral part of this specification. Annex D, Annex E, Annex F and Annex G are informative and
contain no normative requirements.
ISO/IEC
This International Standard is published in four Parts.
13818-1 systems — specifies the system coding of the specification. It defines a multiplexed
structure for combining audio and video data and means of representing
the timing information needed to replay synchronised sequences in real-
time.
13818-2 video — specifies the coded representation of video data and the decoding process
required to reconstruct pictures.
13818-3 audio — specifies the coded representation of audio data.
13818-4 conformance— specifies the procedures for determining the characteristics of coded
bitstreams and for testing compliance with the requirements stated in
13818-1, 13818-2 and 13818-3.
() Draft Recommendation ITU-T>H.262ITU-T Draft Rec. H.262 3
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ISO/IEC 13818-2 Draft International Standard
I Introduction
I.1 Purpose
This Part of this specification was developed in response to the growing need for a generic coding
method of moving pictures and of associated sound for various applications such as digital storage
media, television broadcasting and communication. The use of this specification means that motion
video can be manipulated as a form of computer data and can be stored on various storage media,
transmitted and received over existing and future networks and distributed on existing and future
broadcasting channels.
I.2 Application
The applications of this specification cover, but are not limited to, such areas as listed below:
BSS Broadcasting Satellite Service (to the home)
CATV Cable TV Distribution on optical networks, copper, etc.
CDAD Cable Digital Audio Distribution
DSAB Digital SoundAudio Broadcasting (terrestrial and satellite broadcasting)
DTTB Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
EC Electronic Cinema
ENG Electronic News Gathering (including SNG, Satellite News Gathering)
FSS Fixed Satellite Service (e.g. to head ends)
HTT Home Television Theatre
IPC Interpersonal Communications (videoconferencing, videophone, etc.)
ISM Interactive Storage Media (optical disks, etc.)
MMM Multimedia Mailing
NCA News and Current Affairs
NDB Networked Database Services (via ATM, etc.)
RVS Remote Video Surveillance
SSM Serial Storage Media (digital VTR, etc.)
I.3 Profiles and levels
This specification is intended to be generic in the sense that it serves a wide range of applications,
bitrates, resolutions, qualities and services. Applications should cover, among other things, digital
storage media, television broadcasting and communications. In the course of creating this
specification, various requirements from typical applications have been considered, necessary
algorithmic elements have been developed, and they have been integrated into a single syntax.
Hence this specification will facilitate the bitstream interchange among different applications.
Considering the practicality of implementing the full syntax of this specification, however, a limited
number of subsets of the syntax are also stipulated by means of "profile" and "level". These and
other related terms are formally defined in clause> 3 of this specification.
A “profile” is a defined subset of the entire bitstream syntax that is defined by this specification.
Within the bounds imposed by the syntax of a given profile it is still possible to require a very large
variation in the performance of encoders and decoders depending upon the values taken by
parameters in the bitstream. For instance it is possible to specify frame sizes as large as
4 Draft Recommendation ITU-T>H.262ITU-T Draft Rec. H.262 ()
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