Introduction Introduction 11
Organization of This Document 11 See Also 12
Chapter 1 What Is Cocoa? 13
The Cocoa Environment 13 Introducing Cocoa 13
How Cocoa Fits into Mac OS X 14 How Cocoa Fits into iOS 16
Features of a Cocoa Application 18 The Development Environment 21
Platform SDKs 21
Overview of Development Workflows 21 Xcode 22
Interface Builder 24
The iOS Simulator Application 26 Performance Applications and Tools 27
The Cocoa Frameworks 29
Foundation 30
AppKit (Mac OS X) 38
UIKit (iOS) 44
Comparing AppKit and UIKit Classes 49 Core Data 50
Other Frameworks with a Cocoa API 52 A Bit of History 53
Chapter 2 Cocoa Objects 55
A Simple Cocoa Command-Line Tool 55 Object-Oriented Programming with Objective-C 56
The Objective-C Advantage 56
The Dynamism of Objective-C 57 Extensions to the Objective-C Language 58 Using Objective-C 64
The Root Class 66
NSObject 67
Root Class—and Protocol 67 Overview of Root-Class Methods 68 Interface Conventions 69
Instance and Class Methods 70
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CONTENTS
Object Retention and Disposal 70
How the Garbage Collector Works 71 How Memory Management Works 73
Object Creation 77
Allocating an Object 77
Initializing an Object 78
The dealloc and finalize Methods 85 Class Factory Methods 86
Introspection 87
Evaluating Inheritance Relationships 87
Method Implementation and Protocol Conformance 88 Object Comparison 89
Object Mutability 90
Why Mutable and Immutable Object Variants? 90 Programming with Mutable Objects 91
Class Clusters 95
Without Class Clusters: Simple Concept but Complex Interface 95 With Class Clusters: Simple Concept and Simple Interface 96 Creating Instances 96
Class Clusters with Multiple Public Superclasses 96
Creating Subclasses Within a Class Cluster 97
Toll-Free Bridging 102
Creating a Singleton Instance 104
Chapter 3 Adding Behavior to a Cocoa Program
Starting Up 107
What Happens in the main Function 107
Using a Cocoa Framework 109 Kinds of Framework Classes 109 Cocoa API Conventions 110
Inheriting from a Cocoa Class 112 When to Override a Method 113 When to Make a Subclass 115
Basic Subclass Design 117
The Form of a Subclass Definition 117 Overriding Superclass Methods 119
Instance Variables 119
Entry and Exit Points 121
Initialize or Decode? 122
Storing and Accessing Properties 123 Key-Value Mechanisms 128
Object Infrastructure 129
Error Handling 130
Resource Management and Other Efficiencies Functions, Constants, and Other C Types 132
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CONTENTS
When the Class Is Public (Mac OS X) 132 Multithreaded Cocoa Programs 133
Multithreading and Multiprocessing Resources 133 Multithreading Guidelines for Cocoa Programs 135 Are the Cocoa Frameworks Thread Safe? 136
Chapter 4 Cocoa Design Patterns 137
What Is a Design Pattern? 137
A Solution to a Problem in a Context 137 An Example: The Command Pattern 138
How Cocoa Adapts Design Patterns 139 Abstract Factory 139
Adapter 140
Chain of Responsibility 141 Command 142
Composite 143 Decorator 145
Facade 147
Iterator 148
Mediator 148 Memento 151 Observer 153
Proxy 154 Receptionist 155 Singleton 158 Template Method 158
The Model-View-Controller Design Pattern 160 Roles and Relationships of MVC Objects 160 Types of Cocoa Controller Objects 162
MVC as a Compound Design Pattern 163 Design Guidelines for MVC Applications 165 Model-View-Controller in Cocoa (Mac OS X) 167
Object Modeling 167 Entities 168
Attributes 168 Relationships 169 Accessing Properties 170
Chapter 5 Communicating with Objects 175
Communication in Object-Oriented Programs 175 Outlets 175
Delegates and Data Sources 176
How Delegation Works 177
The Form of Delegation Messages 178
2010-12-13 | © 2010 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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CONTENTS
Delegation and the Cocoa Application Frameworks 179 Data Sources 180
Implementing a Delegate for a Custom Class 181
The Target-Action Mechanism 182
The Target 182
The Action 183
Target-Action in the AppKit Framework 183 Target-Action in UIKit 186
Bindings (Mac OS X) 187
How Bindings Work 187
How You Establish Bindings 188
Notifications 190
When and How to Use Notifications 191 The Notification Object 193
Notification Centers 193
Notification Queues 194
Ownership of Delegates, Observers, and Targets 196
Document Revision History 199

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