4.5.7 which................................................................................................................... 57
4.5.8 date...................................................................................................................... 57
4.5.9 cal........................................................................................................................ 57
4.5.10 time.................................................................................................................... 57
4.5.11 id........................................................................................................................ 58
4.5.12 hostid................................................................................................................. 58
4.5.13 hostname........................................................................................................... 58
4.5.14 df........................................................................................................................ 59
4.5.15 du....................................................................................................................... 59
4.5.16 stty..................................................................................................................... 59
4.5.17 tty....................................................................................................................... 59
4.5.18 history................................................................................................................ 59
4.5.19 alias................................................................................................................... 60
4.5.20 echo................................................................................................................... 60
4.5.21 uname................................................................................................................ 60
4.6 网络命令......................................................................................................................... 61
4.6.1 arp....................................................................................................................... 61
4.6.2 finger.................................................................................................................... 61
4.6.3 wall...................................................................................................................... 61
4.6.4 mesg.................................................................................................................... 62
4.6.5 write..................................................................................................................... 62
4.6.6 ping...................................................................................................................... 62
4.6.7 telnet.................................................................................................................... 62
4.6.8 ftp......................................................................................................................... 62
4.7 进程管理命令.................................................................................................................. 63
4.7.1 kill........................................................................................................................ 63
4.7.2 ps......................................................................................................................... 64
4.7.3 sleep.................................................................................................................... 66
4.7.4 nice...................................................................................................................... 66
4.7.5 shutdown............................................................................................................. 66
4.7.6 halt....................................................................................................................... 67
4.7.7 reboot.................................................................................................................. 67
4.8 用户管理命令.................................................................................................................. 67
4.8.1 su......................................................................................................................... 67
4.8.2 groupadd.............................................................................................................. 67
4.8.3 groupdel............................................................................................................... 67
4.8.4 useradd................................................................................................................ 68
4.8.5 userdel................................................................................................................. 68
4.8.6 passwd................................................................................................................ 69
第 5 章 shell 的基础知识........................................................................................................70
5.1 什么是 shell.................................................................................................................... 70
5.2 别名化............................................................................................................................ 71
5.3 shell 变量........................................................................................................................ 72
5.3.1 shell 变量的存储机制............................................................................................ 72
5.3.2 变量替换.............................................................................................................. 72
5.3.3 命令替换.............................................................................................................. 74
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