Oracle® Database
Administrator's Guide
10g Release 2 (10.2)
B14231-02
May 2006
Oracle Database Administrator’s Guide, 10g Release 2 (10.2)
B14231-02
Copyright © 2001, 2006, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Steve Fogel
Contributing Author: Paul Lane
Contributors: David Austin, Prasad Bagal, Cathy Baird, Mark Bauer, Eric Belden, Bill Bridge, Allen
Brumm, Sudip Datta, Mark Dilman, Jacco Draaijer, Harvey Eneman, Amit Ganesh, Vira Goorah, Carolyn
Gray, Joan Gregoire, Daniela Hansell, Lilian Hobbs, Wei Huang, Robert Jenkins, Bhushan Khaladkar, Balaji
Krishnan, Vasudha Krishnaswamy, Sushil Kumar, Bill Lee, Sue K. Lee, Yunrui Li, Ilya Listvinsky, Bryn
Llewellyn, Rich Long, Catherine Luu, Scott Lynn, Raghu Mani, Colin McGregor, Mughees Minhas, Valarie
Moore, Niloy Mukherjee, Sujatha Muthulingam, Gary Ngai, Waleed Ojeil, Rod Payne, Hanlin Qian, Ananth
Raghavan, Ravi Ramkissoon, Ann Rhee, Tom Sepez, Vikram Shukla, Bipul Sinha, Wayne Smith, Jags
Srinivasan, Deborah Steiner, Janet Stern, Michael Stewart, Mahesh Subramaniam, Anh-Tuan Tran, Alex
Tsukerman, Kothanda Umamageswaran, Eric Voss, Daniel M. Wong, Wanli Yang, Wei Zhang
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Contents
Send Us Your Comments .................................................................................................................... xxv
Preface............................................................................................................................................................ xxvii
Audience.................................................................................................................................................. xxvii
Documentation Accessibility................................................................................................................ xxvii
Structure ................................................................................................................................................. xxviii
Related Documents ................................................................................................................................. xxxi
Conventions ............................................................................................................................................ xxxii
What's New in Oracle Database Administrator's Guide?.............................................. xxxvii
Oracle Database 10g Release 2 (10.2) New Features in the Administrator's Guide.................... xxxvii
Oracle Database 10g Release 1 (10.1) New Features in the Administrator's Guide.......................... xli
Part I Basic Database Administration
1 Overview of Administering an Oracle Database
Types of Oracle Database Users ............................................................................................................ 1-1
Database Administrators .................................................................................................................. 1-2
Security Officers ................................................................................................................................. 1-2
Network Administrators................................................................................................................... 1-2
Application Developers..................................................................................................................... 1-2
Application Administrators.............................................................................................................. 1-3
Database Users ................................................................................................................................... 1-3
Tasks of a Database Administrator ....................................................................................................... 1-3
Task 1: Evaluate the Database Server Hardware .......................................................................... 1-4
Task 2: Install the Oracle Database Software ................................................................................. 1-4
Task 3: Plan the Database.................................................................................................................. 1-4
Task 4: Create and Open the Database ........................................................................................... 1-5
Task 5: Back Up the Database........................................................................................................... 1-5
Task 6: Enroll System Users.............................................................................................................. 1-5
Task 7: Implement the Database Design......................................................................................... 1-5
Task 8: Back Up the Fully Functional Database ............................................................................ 1-5
Task 9: Tune Database Performance ............................................................................................... 1-6
Task 10: Download and Install Patches .......................................................................................... 1-6
Task 11: Roll Out to Additional Hosts ............................................................................................ 1-6
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Selecting an Instance with Environment Variables........................................................................... 1-7
Identifying Your Oracle Database Software Release ........................................................................ 1-7
Release Number Format.................................................................................................................... 1-8
Checking Your Current Release Number....................................................................................... 1-8
Database Administrator Security and Privileges............................................................................... 1-9
The Database Administrator's Operating System Account......................................................... 1-9
Database Administrator Usernames ............................................................................................... 1-9
Database Administrator Authentication .......................................................................................... 1-11
Administrative Privileges .............................................................................................................. 1-11
Selecting an Authentication Method............................................................................................ 1-13
Using Operating System Authentication..................................................................................... 1-14
Using Password File Authentication............................................................................................ 1-15
Creating and Maintaining a Password File...................................................................................... 1-16
Using ORAPWD.............................................................................................................................. 1-16
Setting REMOTE_LOGIN_ PASSWORDFILE............................................................................ 1-18
Adding Users to a Password File.................................................................................................. 1-18
Maintaining a Password File......................................................................................................... 1-19
Server Manageability ........................................................................................................................... 1-20
Automatic Manageability Features .............................................................................................. 1-20
Data Utilities .................................................................................................................................... 1-22
2 Creating an Oracle Database
Deciding How to Create an Oracle Database ..................................................................................... 2-1
Manually Creating an Oracle Database ............................................................................................... 2-2
Considerations Before Creating the Database ............................................................................... 2-2
Creating the Database........................................................................................................................ 2-4
Understanding the CREATE DATABASE Statement ..................................................................... 2-10
Protecting Your Database: Specifying Passwords for Users SYS and SYSTEM .................... 2-10
Creating a Locally Managed SYSTEM Tablespace..................................................................... 2-11
Creating the SYSAUX Tablespace ................................................................................................ 2-12
Using Automatic Undo Management: Creating an Undo Tablespace.................................... 2-13
Creating a Default Permanent Tablespace .................................................................................. 2-14
Creating a Default Temporary Tablespace.................................................................................. 2-14
Specifying Oracle-Managed Files at Database Creation ........................................................... 2-15
Supporting Bigfile Tablespaces During Database Creation...................................................... 2-16
Specifying the Database Time Zone and Time Zone File.......................................................... 2-17
Specifying FORCE LOGGING Mode........................................................................................... 2-18
Understanding Initialization Parameters ......................................................................................... 2-19
Determining the Global Database Name..................................................................................... 2-21
Specifying a Flash Recovery Area ................................................................................................ 2-22
Specifying Control Files ................................................................................................................ 2-22
Specifying Database Block Sizes................................................................................................... 2-23
Managing the System Global Area (SGA) .................................................................................. 2-24
Specifying the Maximum Number of Processes......................................................................... 2-33
Specifying the Method of Undo Space Management ................................................................ 2-33
The COMPATIBLE Initialization Parameter and Irreversible Compatibility........................ 2-34
Setting the License Parameter ....................................................................................................... 2-34
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Troubleshooting Database Creation.................................................................................................. 2-35
Dropping a Database............................................................................................................................ 2-35
Managing Initialization Parameters Using a Server Parameter File........................................... 2-35
What Is a Server Parameter File?.................................................................................................. 2-36
Migrating to a Server Parameter File ........................................................................................... 2-36
Creating a Server Parameter File .................................................................................................. 2-37
The SPFILE Initialization Parameter ............................................................................................ 2-38
Using ALTER SYSTEM to Change Initialization Parameter Values ....................................... 2-38
Exporting the Server Parameter File ............................................................................................ 2-39
Backing Up the Server Parameter File ......................................................................................... 2-40
Errors and Recovery for the Server Parameter File.................................................................... 2-40
Viewing Parameter Settings .......................................................................................................... 2-40
Defining Application Services for Oracle Database 10g .............................................................. 2-41
Deploying Services ......................................................................................................................... 2-42
Configuring Services ..................................................................................................................... 2-42
Using Services ................................................................................................................................. 2-43
Considerations After Creating a Database....................................................................................... 2-44
Some Security Considerations....................................................................................................... 2-44
Enabling Transparent Data Encryption ....................................................................................... 2-45
Creating a Secure External Password Store ................................................................................ 2-46
Installing the Oracle Database Sample Schemas........................................................................ 2-46
Viewing Information About the Database....................................................................................... 2-46
3 Starting Up and Shutting Down
Starting Up a Database............................................................................................................................ 3-1
Options for Starting Up a Database................................................................................................. 3-1
Understanding Initialization Parameter Files................................................................................ 3-2
Preparing to Start Up an Instance.................................................................................................... 3-4
Starting Up an Instance ..................................................................................................................... 3-4
Altering Database Availability.............................................................................................................. 3-7
Mounting a Database to an Instance ............................................................................................... 3-7
Opening a Closed Database.............................................................................................................. 3-7
Opening a Database in Read-Only Mode....................................................................................... 3-8
Restricting Access to an Open Database......................................................................................... 3-8
Shutting Down a Database..................................................................................................................... 3-9
Shutting Down with the NORMAL Clause ................................................................................... 3-9
Shutting Down with the IMMEDIATE Clause.............................................................................. 3-9
Shutting Down with the TRANSACTIONAL Clause ............................................................... 3-10
Shutting Down with the ABORT Clause..................................................................................... 3-10
Shutdown Timeout ......................................................................................................................... 3-11
Quiescing a Database ........................................................................................................................... 3-11
Placing a Database into a Quiesced State .................................................................................... 3-12
Restoring the System to Normal Operation................................................................................ 3-12
Viewing the Quiesce State of an Instance.................................................................................... 3-13
Suspending and Resuming a Database ............................................................................................ 3-13
