1
Materials
Data
Book
2003 Edition
Cambridge University Engineering Department
2
PHYSICAL CONSTANTS IN SI UNITS
Absolute zero of temperature
– 273.15 °C
Acceleration due to gravity, g 9. 807 m/s
2
Avogadro’s number,
A
N
6.022x10
26
/kmol
Base of natural logarithms, e 2.718
Boltzmann’s constant, k 1.381 x 10
–26
kJ/K
Faraday’s constant, F 9.648 x 10
7
C/kmol
Universal Gas constant,
R
8.3143 kJ/kmol K
Permeability of vacuum, µ
o
1.257 x 10
–6
H/m
Permittivity of vacuum, ε
o
8.854 x 10
–12
F/m
Planck’s constant, h 6.626 x 10
–37
kJ/s
Velocity of light in vacuum, c 2.998 x 10
8
m/s
Volume of perfect gas at STP 22.41
m
3
/kmol
CONVERSION OF UNITS
Angle, θ 1 rad
57.30 °
Energy, U See inside back cover
Force, F 1 kgf
1 lbf
9.807 N
4.448 N
Length,
l
1 ft
1 inch
1 Å
304.8 mm
25.40 mm
0.1 nm
Mass, M 1 tonne
1 lb
1000 kg
0.454 kg
Power, P See inside back cover
Stress, σ
See inside back cover
Specific Heat, C
p
1 cal/g.°C
4.188 kJ/kg.K
Stress Intensity, K
1 ksi
in 1.10 MPa m
Temperature, T
1 °F
0.556 K
Thermal Conductivity, λ
1 cal/s.cm.
o
C 4.18 W/m.K
Volume, V 1 Imperial gall
1 US gall
4.546 x 10
–3
m
3
3.785 x 10
–3
m
3
Viscosity, η
1 poise
1 lb ft.s
0.1 N.s/m
2
0.1517 N.s/m
2
1
CONTENTS
Page Number
Introduction 3
Sources 3
I. FORMULAE AND DEFINITIONS
Stress and strain 4
Elastic moduli 4
Stiffness and strength of unidirectional composites 5
Dislocations and plastic flow 5
Fast fracture 6
Statistics of fracture 6
Fatigue
7
Creep 7
Diffusion 8
Heat flow 8
II. PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Melting temperature 9
Density 10
Young’s modulus 11
Yield stress and tensile strength 12
Fracture toughness 13
Environmental resistance 14
Uniaxial tensile response of selected metals and polymers 15
III. MATERIAL PROPERTY CHARTS
Young’s modulus versus density 16
Strength versus density 17
Young’s modulus versus strength 18
Fracture toughness versus strength 19
Maximum service temperature 20
Material price (per kg) 21
IV. PROCESS ATTRIBUTE CHARTS
Material-process compatibility matrix (shaping) 22
Mass 23
Section thickness 23
Surface roughness 24
Dimensional tolerance 24
Economic batch size 25
2
V. CLASSIFICATION AND APPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Metals: ferrous alloys, non-ferrous alloys 26
Polymers and foams 27
Composites, ceramics, glasses and natural materials 28
VI. EQUILIBRIUM (PHASE) DIAGRAMS
Copper – Nickel 29
Lead – Tin 29
Iron – Carbon 30
Aluminium – Copper 30
Aluminium – Silicon 31
Copper – Zinc 31
Copper – Tin 32
Titanium-Aluminium 32
Silica – Alumina 33
VII. HEAT TREATMENT OF STEELS
TTT diagrams and Jominy end-quench hardenability curves for steels 34
VIII. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED ELEMENTS
Atomic properties of selected elements 36
Oxidation properties of selected elements 37
3
INTRODUCTION
The data and information in this booklet have been collected for use in the Materials Courses in
Part I of the Engineering Tripos (as well as in Part II, and the Manufacturing Engineering
Tripos). Numerical data are presented in tabulated and graphical form, and a summary of useful
formulae is included. A list of sources from which the data have been prepared is given below.
Tabulated material and process data or information are from the Cambridge Engineering Selector
(CES) software (Educational database Level 2), copyright of Granta Design Ltd, and are
reproduced by permission; the same data source was used for the material property and process
attribute charts.
It must be realised that many material properties (such as toughness) vary between wide limits
depending on composition and previous treatment. Any final design should be based on
manufacturers’ or suppliers’ data for the material in question, and not on the data given here.
SOURCES
Cambridge Engineering Selector software (CES 4.1), 2003, Granta Design Limited, Rustat
House, 62 Clifton Rd, Cambridge, CB1 7EG
M F Ashby, Materials Selection in Mechanical Design, 1999, Butterworth Heinemann
M F Ashby and D R H Jones, Engineering Materials, Vol. 1, 1996, Butterworth Heinemann
M F Ashby and D R H Jones, Engineering Materials, Vol. 2, 1998, Butterworth Heinemann
M Hansen, Constitution of Binary Alloys, 1958, McGraw Hill
I J Polmear, Light Alloys, 1995, Elsevier
C J Smithells, Metals Reference Book, 6
th
Ed., 1984, Butterworths
Transformation Characteristics of Nickel Steels, 1952, International Nickel
