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测试笔记

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书山有路勤为径学海无涯苦作舟

2023-1-6

51testing 测试笔记

第一阶段...................................................................................................................................................................7

第一章测试基础.....................................................................................................................................................7

1. 什么是软件测试：......................................................................................................................................7

2. ★软件测试的目的、意义：（怎么做好软件测试）................................................................................7

3.软件生命周期：............................................................................................................................................7

第二章测试过程.....................................................................................................................................................8

1.测试模型........................................................................................................................................................8

H 模型： ...................................................................................................................................................8

V 模型 .......................................................................................................................................................9

2.内部测试......................................................................................................................................................10

3 外部测试：..................................................................................................................................................10

验收测试：（在系统测试之后）...................................................................................................................11

回归测试：.....................................................................................................................................................11

4.测试过程（干什么，怎么干）..................................................................................................................12

5.各阶段输入、输出标准以及入口、出口准则:（测试阶段过程要素）.................................................12

第三章测试方法...................................................................................................................................................14

测试方法对比.................................................................................................................................................14

测试方法组合.................................................................................................................................................16

第四章软件质量...................................................................................................................................................19

1.什么是软件质量..........................................................................................................................................19

2.质量要素......................................................................................................................................................19

3. 6 大特性 27 个子特性 ISO 国际标准组织 CMM/CMMI（Capability maturity model）能力程度度模

型.....................................................................................................................................................................19

4.CMMI 把企业分为 5 个等级......................................................................................................................22

5. CMM 与 CMMI 的区别 .............................................................................................................................23

第五章 SQL ...........................................................................................................................................................24

约束：.............................................................................................................................................................29

1 主键约束..............................................................................................................................................29

2 非空约束 not null...............................................................................................................................30

3 外键约束 FOREIGN KEY ................................................................................................................30

4 默认约束.............................................................................................................................................31

5 检查约束 check..................................................................................................................................31

6 唯一约束 unique ................................................................................................................................32

SQL 语句........................................................................................................................................................32

创建数据库............................................................................................................................................32

表、字段、类型.....................................................................................................................................33

查询.........................................................................................................................................................35

批量处理？.............................................................................................................................................40

视图/虚表 view ....................................................................................................................................41

索引.........................................................................................................................................................42

存储过程 procedure...............................................................................................................................42

事务 transaction .....................................................................................................................................43

51testing 第一阶段笔记整理

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触发器 trigger ........................................................................................................................................46

练习.........................................................................................................................................................................46

一、单表查询练习.................................................................................................................................................46

二、聚合函数练习.................................................................................................................................................47

三、分组查询练习.................................................................................................................................................47

四、嵌套查询练习.................................................................................................................................................48

五、联接查询练习.................................................................................................................................................48

六、外联接查询.....................................................................................................................................................48

七、补充提高.........................................................................................................................................................49

第六章 C 语言 .......................................................................................................................................................49

C 语言中的存储 .............................................................................................................................................50

数据类型.................................................................................................................................................50

常量.........................................................................................................................................................53

结构体.....................................................................................................................................................54

条件／分支逻辑.............................................................................................................................................54

Switch......................................................................................................................................................54

If ..............................................................................................................................................................55

循环.................................................................................................................................................................55

For ...........................................................................................................................................................55

while ........................................................................................................................................................56

do…while ................................................................................................................................................56

函数.................................................................................................................................................................56

第七章 Windows 环境搭建...................................................................................................................................59

一、名词注解与定义：.........................................................................................................................................59

C/S...................................................................................................................................................................60

B/S...................................................................................................................................................................60

进销存系统.............................................................................................................................................64

OA 系统 ..................................................................................................................................................69

第八章需求管理...................................................................................................................................................78

1．什么是需求...............................................................................................................................................78

2．需求工程在做什么.................................................................................................................................78

3． ★需求变更.............................................................................................................................................78

4．★需求的跟踪...........................................................................................................................................78

需求跟踪矩阵的作用：.................................................................................................................................78

需求的特点：.................................................................................................................................................79

需求工程.........................................................................................................................................................79

变更控制流程图.............................................................................................................................................82

第九章缺陷管理...................................................................................................................................................83

缺陷相关概念.................................................................................................................................................83

缺陷管理相关概念.........................................................................................................................................83

BUG 管理基本流程： ...................................................................................................................................84

BUG 单 ...........................................................................................................................................................84

第十章测试需求分析...........................................................................................................................................86

概念：.............................................................................................................................................................86

★如何做测试需求分析.................................................................................................................................86

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★UML 统一建模语言（Unified Modeling Language） .............................................................................86

第十一章配置管理...............................................................................................................................................88

1.什么是配置管理..........................................................................................................................................88

2.配置管理流程..............................................................................................................................................88

3.SVN 实战.....................................................................................................................................................88

配置管理工具 SVN 操作过程手册.......................................................................................................................90

一、如何创建“project”项目版本库..........................................................................................................90

二、如何查看创建的“project”项目版本库..............................................................................................95

三、在版本浏览器里面，创建文件，并进行检出.....................................................................................99

四、如何对该项目入基线...........................................................................................................................103

五、分支文件进行合并...............................................................................................................................105

六、分支冲突的解决...................................................................................................................................112

第十二章系统测试.............................................................................................................................................117

概念：...........................................................................................................................................................117

分类：...........................................................................................................................................................117

功能测试：（Function testing 中国 Feature testing 国际）...................................................118

性能测试：（Sercarity testing）...................................................................................................118

安全性测试：（Security Testing）.................................................................................................118

安装测试...............................................................................................................................................119

GUI 测试（Graphical user interface）........................................................................................120

可用性测试（Usability testing）.................................................................................................120

异常性测试...........................................................................................................................................121

文档测试...............................................................................................................................................121

备份测试...............................................................................................................................................121

配置测试...............................................................................................................................................121

网络测试...............................................................................................................................................121

第十三章用例设计.............................................................................................................................................122

等价类...................................................................................................................................................................122

练习...............................................................................................................................................................122

1.1 年龄注册................................................................................................................................................122

1.2.年龄注册...............................................................................................................................................123

1.3.扩充.......................................................................................................................................................124

边界值...................................................................................................................................................................125

2.1.年龄.......................................................................................................................................................125

2.2.用户名注册...........................................................................................................................................126

2.3.变量命名...............................................................................................................................................127

2.4.进销存价格.............................................................................................................................................127

2.5.Windows 文件命名.................................................................................................................................127

总结...............................................................................................................................................................128

边界值...........................................................................................................................................................129

第十四章系统测试执行.....................................................................................................................................129

测试环境搭建文档：...................................................................................................................................130

用例执行：...................................................................................................................................................130

填 BUG 报告： ............................................................................................................................................130

第十五章 QC（Quality Center）........................................................................................................................131

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QC 后台： ....................................................................................................................................................133

QC 前台： ....................................................................................................................................................134

Requirements 需求模块 ...................................................................................................134

Test Plan 测试用例模块 ...................................................................................................135

Test Lab 测试执行模块 ....................................................................................................135

第十六章 PYTHON.............................................................................................................................................137

Python 的安装......................................................................................................................................137

Python 的集成环境：..........................................................................................................................137

数据类型：...................................................................................................................................................137

运算符：.......................................................................................................................................................137

缩进：...........................................................................................................................................................138

控制语句：...................................................................................................................................................138

IF 条件 ..................................................................................................................................................138

WHILE 循环 .........................................................................................................................................139

FOR 循环 ..............................................................................................................................................141

BREAK \ CONTINUE..........................................................................................................................141

函数...............................................................................................................................................................143

定义：...................................................................................................................................................143

调用：...................................................................................................................................................143

第十七章单元测试.............................................................................................................................................144

单元测试概念：...........................................................................................................................................144

单元测试静态测试：...................................................................................................................................144

单元测试动态测试：...................................................................................................................................144

测试评价准则：...........................................................................................................................................144

逻辑覆盖率...........................................................................................................................................144

单元测试策略...............................................................................................................................................145

⑴ 孤立测试.........................................................................................................................................145

⑵自顶向下的单元测试策略...............................................................................................................146

⑶自底向上的单元测试方法...............................................................................................................147

单元测试用例设计（基本路径覆盖法）★ （面试）.............................................................................148

程序控制流图.......................................................................................................................................148

单元测试执行...............................................................................................................................................150

单元测试框架...............................................................................................................................................151

第十八章集成测试.............................................................................................................................................153

第一阶段总结.......................................................................................................................................................155

Test platform .........................................................................................................................................................155

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Bug 的其他说法 ...................................................................................................................................................155

第二阶段项目笔记...............................................................................................................................................156

一．建立项目 JXC.......................................................................................................................................156

二．布置 JXC...............................................................................................................................................156

三．配置 SVN..............................................................................................................................................157

四．访问 SVN..............................................................................................................................................157

进销存项目...................................................................................................................................................158

2011 年 10 月 20 日......................................................................................................................................158

进销存项目总结...................................................................................................................................................160

测试需求分析.......................................................................................................................................................160

1、定义测试范围.........................................................................................................................................160

2、建立需求项.............................................................................................................................................160

3、细化需求项.............................................................................................................................................162

4、需求覆盖率分析.....................................................................................................................................164

课前复习：...........................................................................................................................................................164

判定表...................................................................................................................................................................166

3.1.读书选择.................................................................................................................................................166

3.2.Counter ....................................................................................................................................................168

3.3：word 中的判定表举例.................................................................................................................169

3.4.合并判定表.............................................................................................................................................170

3.4.密码修改.................................................................................................................................................171

3.5.进销存.....................................................................................................................................................173

3.6.总结.........................................................................................................................................................175

因果图...................................................................................................................................................................176

4.1.字母判定.................................................................................................................................................177

4.2.自动售货机.............................................................................................................................................179

课前复习：...........................................................................................................................................................180

状态迁移...............................................................................................................................................................181

5.1.飞机售票系统.........................................................................................................................................181

5.2.缺陷跟踪.................................................................................................................................................183

流程分析...............................................................................................................................................................184

6.1.处理流程.................................................................................................................................................185

6.2.系统登录.................................................................................................................................................186

6.3.字母判断.................................................................................................................................................187

6.4.组合查询.................................................................................................................................................188

课前复习...............................................................................................................................................................191

正交试验...............................................................................................................................................................192

7.1.环境搭建.................................................................................................................................................192

7.2.Counter ....................................................................................................................................................193

7.3.组合.........................................................................................................................................................193

7.4.环境搭建.................................................................................................................................................195

其他.......................................................................................................................................................................196

输入域...........................................................................................................................................................196

输出域...........................................................................................................................................................196

异常分析.......................................................................................................................................................196