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Oracle9
i
Real Application Clusters
Concepts
Release 2 (9.2)
March 2002
Part No. A96597-01
Oracle9i Real Application Clusters Concepts, Release 2 (9.2)
Part No. A96597-01
Copyright © 1998, 2002 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Primary Author: Mark Bauer.
Contributors: David Austin, Wilson Chan, Sashikanth Chandraserkaran, Jonathan Creighton, Lisa
Eldridge, Mitch Flatland, Rick Greenwald, Eugene Ho, Bill Kehoe, Raj Kumar, Kotaro Ono, Stefan
Pommerenk, Rebecca Reitmeyer, Joao Rimoli, Daniel Semler, Vinay Srihari, Alok Srivastava, Tak Wang,
Shari Yamaguchi, and Tolga Yurek.
Graphic Designer: Valarie Moore.
The Programs (which include both the software and documentation) contain proprietary information of
Oracle Corporation; they are provided under a license agreement containing restrictions on use and
disclosure and are also protected by copyright, patent and other intellectual and industrial property
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Restricted Rights Notice Programs delivered subject to the DOD FAR Supplement are "commercial
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respective owners.
iii
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Send Us Your Comments................................................................................................................. xiii
Preface........................................................................................................................................................... xv
What’s New in Real Application Clusters?........................................................................... xxv
Part I Cluster Database Processing Fundamentals
1 Introduction to Real Application Clusters
What Is Real Application Clusters? ................................................................................................ 1-2
The Benefits of Real Application Clusters..................................................................................... 1-3
Lower Overall Cost of Ownership............................................................................................. 1-3
Expanded Scalability.................................................................................................................... 1-3
High Availability.......................................................................................................................... 1-4
Transparency................................................................................................................................. 1-4
Buffer Cache Management.......................................................................................................... 1-4
Row Locking.................................................................................................................................. 1-5
Multiversion Read Consistency.................................................................................................. 1-5
Recovery Manager, Online Backups, and Archiving.............................................................. 1-5
2 Real Application Clusters Systems Architecture
Overview of Cluster Database System Components................................................................... 2-2
Nodes and Their Components.................................................................................................... 2-3
Cluster Interconnect and Interprocess Communication (Node-to-Node) ........................... 2-3
iv
Memory, Interconnect, and Storage................................................................................................. 2-4
The High-Speed IPC Interconnect................................................................................................... 2-4
Shared Disk Storage and the Cluster File System Advantage................................................... 2-4
3 Real Application Clusters Software Architecture
The Operating System-Dependent Clusterware .......................................................................... 3-2
The Cluster Manager.................................................................................................................... 3-2
The Node Monitor........................................................................................................................ 3-2
The Interconnect............................................................................................................................ 3-3
Real Application Clusters Shared Disk Components ................................................................. 3-3
Real Application Clusters-Specific Daemon and Instance Processes....................................... 3-3
The Global Services Daemon ...................................................................................................... 3-4
Instance Processes Specific to Real Application Clusters ....................................................... 3-4
The Global Cache and Global Enqueue Service........................................................................... 3-6
Application Transparency........................................................................................................... 3-6
Global Resource Directory with Distributed Architecture..................................................... 3-6
Resource Mastering and Affinity ............................................................................................... 3-7
GCS and GES Interaction with the Cluster Manager .............................................................. 3-7
4 Scalability in Real Application Clusters
Scalability Features of Real Application Clusters........................................................................ 4-2
All System Types Benefit from Real Application Clusters......................................................... 4-2
Transaction Systems and Real Application Clusters............................................................... 4-2
Data Warehouse Systems and Real Application Clusters ...................................................... 4-3
Levels of Scalability ........................................................................................................................... 4-3
Network Scalability...................................................................................................................... 4-4
Network Scalability and Client/Server Connectivity............................................................. 4-4
Operating System Scalability...................................................................................................... 4-6
Part II Resource Coordination in Real Application Clusters
5 Real Application Clusters Resource Coordination
Overview of Real Application Clusters Resource Coordination............................................... 5-2
The Contents of the Global Resource Directory....................................................................... 5-2
Real Application Clusters Synchronization Processes............................................................ 5-3
Enqueues........................................................................................................................................ 5-3
v
Past Images.................................................................................................................................... 5-3
Resource Modes and Roles............................................................................................................... 5-4
Resource Modes............................................................................................................................ 5-4
Resource Roles .............................................................................................................................. 5-4
Global Cache Service Operations............................................................................................... 5-5
System Change Number Processing............................................................................................... 5-6
Lamport SCN Generation............................................................................................................ 5-7
6 Cache Fusion and the Global Cache Service
Overview of Cache Fusion Processing ........................................................................................... 6-2
Concurrent Reads on Multiple Nodes....................................................................................... 6-2
Concurrent Reads and Writes on Different Nodes.................................................................. 6-2
Concurrent Writes on Different Nodes..................................................................................... 6-2
Write Protocol and Past Image Tracking .................................................................................. 6-3
Resource Control, Cache-to-Cache Transfer, and Cache Coherency......................................... 6-3
Block Access Modes and Buffer States........................................................................................... 6-4
Cache Fusion Scenarios..................................................................................................................... 6-4
Requesting a Changed Block for a Modification Operation .................................................. 6-5
Writing Blocks to Disk................................................................................................................. 6-6
Real Application Clusters Recovery and Cache Fusion.............................................................. 6-7
7 Resource Coordination by the Global Enqueue Service
Global Enqueue Service Processing................................................................................................ 7-2
Global Enqueue Concurrency Control .......................................................................................... 7-2
Resources Managed by the Global Enqueue Service.................................................................. 7-3
Dictionary Cache Locks .............................................................................................................. 7-3
Library Cache Locks..................................................................................................................... 7-3
Part III Implementing Real Application Clusters
8 Real Application Clusters Storage Considerations
Overview of Storage in Real Application Clusters...................................................................... 8-2
Datafiles in Real Application Clusters........................................................................................... 8-2
Datafile Verification in Real Application Clusters .................................................................. 8-2
Adding Datafiles in Real Application Clusters........................................................................ 8-2
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