Vol 86, September 2005 129
R M S Danraj and Dr F Gajendran are with Research and
Development, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and
Technology, Coimbatore 641 008.
This paper was received on August 20, 2002. Written discussion on this
paper will be accepted till November 30, 2005.
Quadratic Programmig Solution to Emission and Economic
Dispatch Problems
R M S Danaraj, Non-member
Dr F Gajendran, Non-member
This paper presents a new and efficient way of implementing quadratic programming to solve the economic and emission dispatch
problems. Economic load dispatch (ELD), minimum emission dispatch (MED), combined economic emission dispatch (CEED)
and emission controlled economic dispatch (ECED) are solved using the proposed method. Transformation of variables technique
along with quadratic programming is applied recursively to solve both problems. The advantage of this method is its robustness
to find the global minimum for all the problems. The algorithm is tested on a test system and compared with genetic algorithm and
hybrid genetic algorithm. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Keywords : Economic load dispatch (ELD); Minimum emission dispatch (MED); Combined economic and emission dispatch
(CEED); Emission constrained economic dispatch (ECED); Transformation of variables technique; Quadratic programming
NOTATION
iii
cba
,,
: fuel cost coefficients of ith plant
mn
B
: loss coefficient metrics
iii
fed
,,
: emission coefficients
i
L
: lower power limit of ith power plant
N : no of plants
d
P
: real power demand on the system
i
P
: real power generation of ith power plant
i
U
: upper power limit of ith power plant
INTRODUCTION
The operation and planning of a power system is
characterized by maintaining a high degree of economy and
reliability. The plants have to meet the demand and the
transmission losses for minimum cost while meeting the
constraints (economic load dispatch). Traditionally electric
power plants are operated on the basis of least fuel cost
strategies and very little attention is paid on the pollution
produced by these plants.
Recently, passage of the Clean Air Act Amendment of 1990
and its acceptance by all the nations has forced the utilities to
modify their operating strategies to meet the rigorous
environment standards set by this legislation. Thus the modern
operational strategies of the generating plants now include
reduction of pollution level up to a safe limit set by
environmental regulating authority, in addition to minimum
fuel cost strategies and transmission security objective.
Major part of the power generation is due to fossil fired
plants and their emission contribution cannot be neglected.
Fossil fired electric power plants use coal, oil, gas, or
combination thereof as primary energy resource and produce
atmospheric emission whose nature and quantity depend upon
fuel type and its quality. Coal produce particulate matter such
as ash and gaseous pollutants such as CO
2
, NO
x
(oxides of
nitrogen) etc. Therefore there is a need to reduce the emission
from these fossil fired plants either by design or by operational
strategies.
The characteristics of emissions of various pollutants are
different and are usually highly nonlinear. This increases the
complexity and non-monotonocity of the combined emission
and economic dispatch (CEED) problem. Many authors have
addressed the economic dispatch problem. EL-Keib and
Hart
1
have presented a general formulation of the
environmental constrained economic dispatch (ECED)
problem, which is linear programming and uses gradient
projection method to guarantee feasibility of the solution. K
Srikrishna and C Palanichamy
2
have proposed a method for
combined emission and economic dispatch using price penalty
factor. R Ramaratnam
3
developed a technique to add emission
constraints to the standard classical economic dispatch
problem. S Baskar et al
4
have applied hybrid genetic algorithm
to solve the problem of CEED and ECED, Dr S L Surana
and P S Bhati
5
also tried with GA to solve ECED with better
results. It is well known that GA consumes more time and
not certain to find the global minimum all the time.
In this paper Quadratic program along with Transformation