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计算机组成原理英文版课件:10-Memory.pdf
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2022-06-06
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计算机组成原理英文版课件:10-Memory.pdf
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Kai Huang
Memory (2)
5/10/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 2
Former Nokia boss Stephen Elop's pay-off
rises to $33m
o Mr Elop, a Canadian, became the first non-Finn to
run the company when he took charge in
September 2010.
o Nokia eventually sold the handset business to
Mircosoft last year for for
5.44bn euros. The deal
was completed last week.
o The company said that
70% of the pay-off
was funded by
Microsoft.
$33m bonus for Selling Nokia
5/10/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 3
Memory Hierarchy and the need for Cache
Memory
The Basics of Caches
o Direct mapped
o Set associative
o Fully associative
o Write policy
o Replacement policy
Memory Stall Cycles
Improving Cache Performance
Outline
5/10/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 4
1980 – No cache in microprocessor
1995 – Two-level cache on microprocessor
Processor-Memory Performance Gap
1990 1980 2000 2010
1
10
10
Relative performance
Calendar year
Processor
Memory
3
6
CPU: 55% per year
DRAM: 7% per year
Processor-Memory
Performance Gap:
(grows 50% per year)
5/10/2014 Kai.Huang@SYSU 5
Widening speed gap between CPU and main memory
o Processor operation takes less than 1 ns
o Main memory requires more than 50 ns to access
Each instruction involves at least one memory access
o One memory access to fetch the instruction
o A second memory access for load and store instructions
Memory bandwidth limits the instruction execution rate
Cache memory can help bridge the CPU-memory gap
Cache memory is small in size but fast
The Need for a Memory Hierarchy
Memory technology Typical access time $per GB in 2008
SRAM 0.5-2.5 ns $2000-$5000
DRAM 50-70 ns $25-$75
Magnetic disk 5M-20M ns $0.2-$2
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