【知识点详解】
1. **定语的概念**
定语是修饰、说明或限制名词或代词的句子成分。在英语中,定语通常放在被修饰的名词或代词前,例如:"a beautiful girl"(一个美丽的女孩)中的"beautiful"就是"girl"的定语,说明了女孩的特点。
2. **定语从句**
- 定语从句是对名词或代词进行更详细描述的句子结构,它紧跟在被修饰的词后面。
- 在句子"The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to bury the dead."中,"who were trapped"就是定语从句,它修饰了"those"。
- "Li Ming was the first boy who reached the top of the mountain that day."中,"who reached the top of the mountain that day"是定语从句,修饰"the first boy"。
3. **先行词与关系词**
- 先行词是定语从句修饰的名词或代词,如"the teacher"和"the man"。
- 关系词引导定语从句并与先行词有逻辑上的关联,如"who", "whom", "that", "which"等。
- 在"The teacher who you want to see has come."中,"who"是关系词,"you want to see"是定语从句,"the teacher"是先行词。
4. **关系代词的用法**
- 指代人的关系代词:who, whom (做宾语),whomever (在口语中较少用)
- 指代物的关系代词:that, which
- 既能指人又能指物的关系代词:that
- 做定语并指代物的关系代词:whose
- 作为宾语时,"who"和"whom"的区别在于"whom"通常在介词后,而"who"则不跟介词。
5. **关系代词的作用**
- 连接作用:连接定语从句和主句,如"This is the pen which/that he bought yesterday."
- 替代作用:替代主句中的先行词,如"The boy who/ that/ whom we saw yesterday was my classmate."
- 句子成分:在定语从句中担任主语、宾语或定语的角色,如"A chemist’s shop is a shop which/that sells medicine."中,"which/that"既是关系词也是从句的主语。
6. **关系代词的功能分析**
- 关系代词可以指代人或物,并在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语,如在"whowhomwhichthatwhose"的表格中所示。
7. **练习应用**
- 针对性练习要求找出定语从句的先行词,并分析关系词指代的人或物以及在从句中的角色。
通过以上内容,我们可以深入理解定语从句的结构和功能,这对于理解和运用复杂的英语句子至关重要,尤其在高中英语学习阶段,掌握这些知识对于提高阅读理解能力和写作水平具有很大帮助。